2022
Hopster, J. K. G.; Arora, C.; Blunden, C.; Eriksen, C.; Frank, L. E.; Hermann, J. S.; Klenk, M. B. O. T.; O’Neill, E. R. H.; Steinert, S.
Pistols, pills, pork and ploughs: the structure of technomoral revolutions Journal Article
In: Inquiry, pp. 1–33, 2022, ISSN: 1502-3923, (This article gives a useful overview of the literature on technomoral revolutions, and suggests different ways in which values may change.).
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Health Policy, philosophy, theme:value-change, value dynamics
@article{Hopster2022,
title = {Pistols, pills, pork and ploughs: the structure of technomoral revolutions},
author = {J. K. G. Hopster and C. Arora and C. Blunden and C. Eriksen and L. E. Frank and J. S. Hermann and M. B. O. T. Klenk and E. R. H. O’Neill and S. Steinert},
doi = {10.1080/0020174x.2022.2090434},
issn = {1502-3923},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-08},
urldate = {2022-07-08},
journal = {Inquiry},
pages = {1–33},
publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
note = {This article gives a useful overview of the literature on technomoral revolutions, and suggests different ways in which values may change.},
keywords = {Health Policy, philosophy, theme:value-change, value dynamics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Poel, Ibo; Kudina, Olya
Understanding Technology-Induced Value Change: a Pragmatist Proposal Journal Article
In: Philos. Technol., vol. 35, no. 2, 2022, ISSN: 2210-5441, (This article proposes a pragmatist understanding of why and how values may change.).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: History and Philosophy of Science, philosophy, theme:value-change, value dynamics
@article{vandePoel2022,
title = {Understanding Technology-Induced Value Change: a Pragmatist Proposal},
author = {Ibo Poel and Olya Kudina},
doi = {10.1007/s13347-022-00520-8},
issn = {2210-5441},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-00},
urldate = {2022-06-00},
journal = {Philos. Technol.},
volume = {35},
number = {2},
publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
abstract = {<jats:title>Abstract
</jats:title><jats:p>We propose a pragmatist account of value change that helps to understand how and why values sometimes change due to technological developments. Inspired by John Dewey’s writings on value, we propose to understand values as evaluative devices that carry over from earlier experiences and that are to some extent shared in society. We discuss the various functions that values fulfil in moral inquiry and propose a conceptual framework that helps to understand value change as the interaction between three manifestations of value distinguished by Dewey, i.e., “immediate value,” “values as the result of inquiry” and “generalized values.” We show how this framework helps to distinguish three types of value change: value dynamism, value adaptation, and value emergence, and we illustrate these with examples from the domain of technology. We argue that our account helps to better understand how technology may induce value change, namely through the creation of what Dewey calls indeterminate situations, and we show how our account can integrate several insights on (techno)moral change offered by other authors.</jats:p>},
note = {This article proposes a pragmatist understanding of why and how values may change.},
keywords = {History and Philosophy of Science, philosophy, theme:value-change, value dynamics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
<jats:title>Abstract
</jats:title><jats:p>We propose a pragmatist account of value change that helps to understand how and why values sometimes change due to technological developments. Inspired by John Dewey’s writings on value, we propose to understand values as evaluative devices that carry over from earlier experiences and that are to some extent shared in society. We discuss the various functions that values fulfil in moral inquiry and propose a conceptual framework that helps to understand value change as the interaction between three manifestations of value distinguished by Dewey, i.e., “immediate value,” “values as the result of inquiry” and “generalized values.” We show how this framework helps to distinguish three types of value change: value dynamism, value adaptation, and value emergence, and we illustrate these with examples from the domain of technology. We argue that our account helps to better understand how technology may induce value change, namely through the creation of what Dewey calls indeterminate situations, and we show how our account can integrate several insights on (techno)moral change offered by other authors.</jats:p>
</jats:title><jats:p>We propose a pragmatist account of value change that helps to understand how and why values sometimes change due to technological developments. Inspired by John Dewey’s writings on value, we propose to understand values as evaluative devices that carry over from earlier experiences and that are to some extent shared in society. We discuss the various functions that values fulfil in moral inquiry and propose a conceptual framework that helps to understand value change as the interaction between three manifestations of value distinguished by Dewey, i.e., “immediate value,” “values as the result of inquiry” and “generalized values.” We show how this framework helps to distinguish three types of value change: value dynamism, value adaptation, and value emergence, and we illustrate these with examples from the domain of technology. We argue that our account helps to better understand how technology may induce value change, namely through the creation of what Dewey calls indeterminate situations, and we show how our account can integrate several insights on (techno)moral change offered by other authors.</jats:p>
Siebert, Luciano Cavalcante; Lupetti, Maria Luce; Aizenberg, Evgeni; Beckers, Niek; Zgonnikov, Arkady; Veluwenkamp, Herman; Abbink, David; Giaccardi, Elisa; Houben, Geert-Jan; Jonker, Catholijn M.; Hoven, Jeroen; Forster, Deborah; Lagendijk, Reginald L.
Meaningful human control: actionable properties for AI system development Journal Article
In: AI Ethics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 241–255, 2022, ISSN: 2730-5961.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: artificial intelligence, autonomy, value:autonomy
@article{CavalcanteSiebert2022,
title = {Meaningful human control: actionable properties for AI system development},
author = {Luciano Cavalcante Siebert and Maria Luce Lupetti and Evgeni Aizenberg and Niek Beckers and Arkady Zgonnikov and Herman Veluwenkamp and David Abbink and Elisa Giaccardi and Geert-Jan Houben and Catholijn M. Jonker and Jeroen Hoven and Deborah Forster and Reginald L. Lagendijk},
doi = {10.1007/s43681-022-00167-3},
issn = {2730-5961},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-18},
urldate = {2022-05-18},
journal = {AI Ethics},
volume = {3},
number = {1},
pages = {241–255},
publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
abstract = {<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>How can humans remain in control of artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems designed to perform tasks autonomously? Such systems are increasingly ubiquitous, creating benefits - but also undesirable situations where moral responsibility for their actions cannot be properly attributed to any particular person or group. The concept of meaningful human control has been proposed to address responsibility gaps and mitigate them by establishing conditions that enable a proper attribution of responsibility for humans; however, clear requirements for researchers, designers, and engineers are yet inexistent, making the development of AI-based systems that remain under meaningful human control challenging. In this paper, we address the gap between philosophical theory and engineering practice by identifying, through an iterative process of abductive thinking, four actionable properties for AI-based systems under meaningful human control, which we discuss making use of two applications scenarios: automated vehicles and AI-based hiring. First, a system in which humans and AI algorithms interact should have an explicitly defined domain of morally loaded situations within which the system ought to operate. Second, humans and AI agents within the system should have appropriate and mutually compatible representations. Third, responsibility attributed to a human should be commensurate with that human’s ability and authority to control the system. Fourth, there should be explicit links between the actions of the AI agents and actions of humans who are aware of their moral responsibility. We argue that these four properties will support practically minded professionals to take concrete steps toward designing and engineering for AI systems that facilitate meaningful human control.</jats:p>},
keywords = {artificial intelligence, autonomy, value:autonomy},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>How can humans remain in control of artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems designed to perform tasks autonomously? Such systems are increasingly ubiquitous, creating benefits - but also undesirable situations where moral responsibility for their actions cannot be properly attributed to any particular person or group. The concept of meaningful human control has been proposed to address responsibility gaps and mitigate them by establishing conditions that enable a proper attribution of responsibility for humans; however, clear requirements for researchers, designers, and engineers are yet inexistent, making the development of AI-based systems that remain under meaningful human control challenging. In this paper, we address the gap between philosophical theory and engineering practice by identifying, through an iterative process of abductive thinking, four actionable properties for AI-based systems under meaningful human control, which we discuss making use of two applications scenarios: automated vehicles and AI-based hiring. First, a system in which humans and AI algorithms interact should have an explicitly defined domain of morally loaded situations within which the system ought to operate. Second, humans and AI agents within the system should have appropriate and mutually compatible representations. Third, responsibility attributed to a human should be commensurate with that human’s ability and authority to control the system. Fourth, there should be explicit links between the actions of the AI agents and actions of humans who are aware of their moral responsibility. We argue that these four properties will support practically minded professionals to take concrete steps toward designing and engineering for AI systems that facilitate meaningful human control.</jats:p>
Wildt, T. E.; Poel, I. R.; Chappin, E. J. L.
Tracing Long-term Value Change in (Energy) Technologies: Opportunities of Probabilistic Topic Models Using Large Data Sets Journal Article
In: Science, Technology, & Human Values, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 429–458, 2022, ISSN: 1552-8251.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Anthropology, Economics and Econometrics, human-computer interaction, philosophy, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), Sociology and Political Science, theme:value-change
@article{deWildt2021,
title = {Tracing Long-term Value Change in (Energy) Technologies: Opportunities of Probabilistic Topic Models Using Large Data Sets},
author = {T. E. Wildt and I. R. Poel and E. J. L. Chappin},
doi = {10.1177/01622439211054439},
issn = {1552-8251},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-00},
journal = {Science, Technology, & Human Values},
volume = {47},
number = {3},
pages = {429–458},
publisher = {SAGE Publications},
abstract = {<jats:p>We propose a new approach for tracing value change. Value change may lead to a mismatch between current value priorities in society and the values for which technologies were designed in the past, such as energy technologies based on fossil fuels, which were developed when sustainability was not considered a very important value. Better anticipating value change is essential to avoid a lack of social acceptance and moral acceptability of technologies. While value change can be studied historically and qualitatively, we propose a more quantitative approach that uses large text corpora. It uses probabilistic topic models, which allow us to trace (new) values that are (still) latent. We demonstrate the approach for five types of value change in technology. Our approach is useful for testing hypotheses about value change, such as verifying whether value change has occurred and identifying patterns of value change. The approach can be used to trace value change for various technologies and text corpora, including scientific articles, newspaper articles, and policy documents.</jats:p>},
keywords = {Anthropology, Economics and Econometrics, human-computer interaction, philosophy, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), Sociology and Political Science, theme:value-change},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
<jats:p>We propose a new approach for tracing value change. Value change may lead to a mismatch between current value priorities in society and the values for which technologies were designed in the past, such as energy technologies based on fossil fuels, which were developed when sustainability was not considered a very important value. Better anticipating value change is essential to avoid a lack of social acceptance and moral acceptability of technologies. While value change can be studied historically and qualitatively, we propose a more quantitative approach that uses large text corpora. It uses probabilistic topic models, which allow us to trace (new) values that are (still) latent. We demonstrate the approach for five types of value change in technology. Our approach is useful for testing hypotheses about value change, such as verifying whether value change has occurred and identifying patterns of value change. The approach can be used to trace value change for various technologies and text corpora, including scientific articles, newspaper articles, and policy documents.</jats:p>
2021
Stone, Taylor
Design for values and the city Journal Article
In: Journal of Responsible Innovation, vol. 8, iss. 3, pp. 364-381, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: design for values, philosophy of the city, responsible innovation, smart cities, urban innovation, urban technology, value sensitive design
@article{nokey,
title = {Design for values and the city},
author = {Taylor Stone},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23299460.2021.1909813},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-04-21},
urldate = {2021-04-21},
journal = {Journal of Responsible Innovation},
volume = {8},
issue = {3},
pages = {364-381},
abstract = {This paper undertakes a critical and constructive investigation into the applicability of value sensitive design (VSD) and design for values (DfV) methodologies for urban technologies, as a means to envision and enact responsible urban innovations. In particular, this paper focuses on the identification and analysis of values in urban technologies. First, an important methodological critique is highlighted, namely the vague articulation of ‘values' in VSD and DfV discourse. Next, cities are characterized as open, dynamic, and evolving systems, with ‘urban technologies’ as co-shapers of this process. This highlights the unique conditions requiring attention in order to arrive at a robust understanding of the relationship between values and urban technologies. Finally, these insights are combined to propose and sketch six heuristic principles aimed at surfacing and analysing values in urban technologies, offering a refinement of value-sensitive methodologies for the context of urban technological innovation.},
keywords = {design for values, philosophy of the city, responsible innovation, smart cities, urban innovation, urban technology, value sensitive design},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper undertakes a critical and constructive investigation into the applicability of value sensitive design (VSD) and design for values (DfV) methodologies for urban technologies, as a means to envision and enact responsible urban innovations. In particular, this paper focuses on the identification and analysis of values in urban technologies. First, an important methodological critique is highlighted, namely the vague articulation of ‘values' in VSD and DfV discourse. Next, cities are characterized as open, dynamic, and evolving systems, with ‘urban technologies’ as co-shapers of this process. This highlights the unique conditions requiring attention in order to arrive at a robust understanding of the relationship between values and urban technologies. Finally, these insights are combined to propose and sketch six heuristic principles aimed at surfacing and analysing values in urban technologies, offering a refinement of value-sensitive methodologies for the context of urban technological innovation.
Nagenborg, Margoth González Woge Taylor Stone Michael; Vermaas, Pieter (Ed.)
Technology and the City: Towards a Philosophy of Urban Technologies Book
Springer International Publishing, 2021, ISBN: 9783030523138.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: design for values, philosophy, responsible innovation, urban design, value:democracy
@book{Nagenborg2021,
title = {Technology and the City: Towards a Philosophy of Urban Technologies},
editor = {Margoth González Woge Taylor Stone Michael Nagenborg and Pieter Vermaas},
url = {https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-52313-8#about},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52313-8},
isbn = {9783030523138},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-02-25},
urldate = {2021-02-25},
volume = {36},
number = {1},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
abstract = {The contributions in this volume map out how technologies are used and designed to plan, maintain, govern, demolish, and destroy the city. The chapters demonstrate how urban technologies shape, and are shaped, by fundamental concepts and principles such as citizenship, publicness, democracy, and nature. The many authors herein explore how to think of technologically mediated urban space as part of the human condition. The volume will thus contribute to the much-needed discussion on technology-enabled urban futures from the perspective of the philosophy of technology. This perspective also contributes to the discussion and process of making cities ‘smart’ and just. This collection appeals to students, researchers, and professionals within the fields of philosophy of technology, urban planning, and engineering.},
keywords = {design for values, philosophy, responsible innovation, urban design, value:democracy},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
The contributions in this volume map out how technologies are used and designed to plan, maintain, govern, demolish, and destroy the city. The chapters demonstrate how urban technologies shape, and are shaped, by fundamental concepts and principles such as citizenship, publicness, democracy, and nature. The many authors herein explore how to think of technologically mediated urban space as part of the human condition. The volume will thus contribute to the much-needed discussion on technology-enabled urban futures from the perspective of the philosophy of technology. This perspective also contributes to the discussion and process of making cities ‘smart’ and just. This collection appeals to students, researchers, and professionals within the fields of philosophy of technology, urban planning, and engineering.
Wildt, Tristan De; Poel, Ibo; Chappin, Emile
Tracing Long-term Value Change in (Energy) Technologies: Opportunities of Probabilistic Topic Models Using Large Data Sets Journal Article
In: Science, Technology, & Human Values, vol. 47, pp. 016224392110544, 2021, (This article explains how topic modelling methods can be used to trace (and monitor) value change over time. See also www.valuemonitor.eu).
Links | BibTeX | Tags: theme:value-change, value dynamics
@article{articlef,
title = {Tracing Long-term Value Change in (Energy) Technologies: Opportunities of Probabilistic Topic Models Using Large Data Sets},
author = {Tristan De Wildt and Ibo Poel and Emile Chappin},
doi = {10.1177/01622439211054439},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Science, Technology, & Human Values},
volume = {47},
pages = {016224392110544},
note = {This article explains how topic modelling methods can be used to trace (and monitor) value change over time. See also www.valuemonitor.eu},
keywords = {theme:value-change, value dynamics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2020
Michelfelder, Diane P.; Doorn, Neelke (Ed.)
The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Engineering Book
Routledge, 2020, ISBN: 9781315276502, (This encyclopedia entry gives a quick introduction to approaches and tools for design for values.).
@book{2020,
title = {The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Engineering},
editor = {Diane P. Michelfelder and Neelke Doorn},
doi = {10.4324/9781315276502},
isbn = {9781315276502},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-12-29},
urldate = {2020-12-29},
publisher = {Routledge},
note = {This encyclopedia entry gives a quick introduction to approaches and tools for design for values.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Siffels, Lotje Elizabeth
Beyond privacy vs. health: a justification analysis of the contact-tracing apps debate in the Netherlands Miscellaneous
2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: theme:value-conflicts, value:health
@misc{Siffers2020,
title = {Beyond privacy vs. health: a justification analysis of the contact-tracing apps debate in the Netherlands},
author = {Lotje Elizabeth Siffels},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-020-09555-x},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-020-09555-x},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-10-01},
urldate = {2020-10-01},
abstract = {In the Netherlands, as in many other nations, the government has proposed the use of a contact-tracing app as a means of helping to contain the spread of the corona virus. The discussion about the use of such an app has mostly been framed in terms of a tradeoff between privacy and public health. This research statement presents an analysis of the Dutch public debate on Corona-apps by using the framework of Orders of Worth by Boltanski and Thévenot (1991). It argues that this framework can help us to move beyond the dichotomy of privacy vs. public health by recognizing a plurality of conceptions of the common good in the debate about contact-tracing apps. This statement presents six orders of worth present in the Dutch debate: civic, domestic, vitality, market, industrial and project, and argues that the identification of which common goods are at stake will contribute to discussions about the use of this technology from a standpoint with a richer ethical perspective.},
keywords = {theme:value-conflicts, value:health},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
In the Netherlands, as in many other nations, the government has proposed the use of a contact-tracing app as a means of helping to contain the spread of the corona virus. The discussion about the use of such an app has mostly been framed in terms of a tradeoff between privacy and public health. This research statement presents an analysis of the Dutch public debate on Corona-apps by using the framework of Orders of Worth by Boltanski and Thévenot (1991). It argues that this framework can help us to move beyond the dichotomy of privacy vs. public health by recognizing a plurality of conceptions of the common good in the debate about contact-tracing apps. This statement presents six orders of worth present in the Dutch debate: civic, domestic, vitality, market, industrial and project, and argues that the identification of which common goods are at stake will contribute to discussions about the use of this technology from a standpoint with a richer ethical perspective.
Lanzing, Marjolein
Contact tracing apps: an ethical roadmap Miscellaneous
2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: value:health
@misc{Lanzing2020,
title = {Contact tracing apps: an ethical roadmap},
author = {Marjolein Lanzing},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-020-09548-w},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-020-09548-w},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-09-29},
urldate = {2020-09-29},
abstract = {This research statement presents a roadmap for the ethical evaluation of contact tracing apps. Assuming the possible development of an effective and secure contact tracing app, this roadmap explores three ethical concerns—privacy, data monopolists and coercion- based on three scenarios. The first scenario envisions and critically evaluates an app that is built on the conceptualization of privacy as anonymity and a mere individual right rather than a social value. The second scenario sketches and critically discusses an app that adequately addresses privacy concerns but is facilitated by data monopolists such as Google and Apple. The final scenario discusses the coerced installation and use of a privacy-friendly, independently developed contact tracing app. The main worry is coercion through societal exclusion and limited societal participation. The statement concludes with three suggestions for designing an ethical contact tracing app and a research agenda.},
keywords = {value:health},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This research statement presents a roadmap for the ethical evaluation of contact tracing apps. Assuming the possible development of an effective and secure contact tracing app, this roadmap explores three ethical concerns—privacy, data monopolists and coercion- based on three scenarios. The first scenario envisions and critically evaluates an app that is built on the conceptualization of privacy as anonymity and a mere individual right rather than a social value. The second scenario sketches and critically discusses an app that adequately addresses privacy concerns but is facilitated by data monopolists such as Google and Apple. The final scenario discusses the coerced installation and use of a privacy-friendly, independently developed contact tracing app. The main worry is coercion through societal exclusion and limited societal participation. The statement concludes with three suggestions for designing an ethical contact tracing app and a research agenda.
Hoffmann, Andrew S.; Jacobs, Bart; Schraffenberger, Tamar Sharon Hanna; Pas, Berber
Towards a seamful ethics of Covid-19 contact tracing apps? Miscellaneous
2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: value:health
@misc{Hoffmann2020,
title = {Towards a seamful ethics of Covid-19 contact tracing apps?},
author = {Andrew S. Hoffmann and Bart Jacobs and Tamar Sharon Hanna Schraffenberger and Berber Pas},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-020-09559-7},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-020-09559-7},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-09-28},
urldate = {2020-09-28},
abstract = {In the early months of 2020, the deadly Covid-19 disease spread rapidly around the world. In response, national and regional governments implemented a range of emergency lockdown measures, curtailing citizens’ movements and greatly limiting economic activity. More recently, as restrictions begin to be loosened or lifted entirely, the use of so-called contact tracing apps has figured prominently in many jurisdictions’ plans to reopen society. Critics have questioned the utility of such technologies on a number of fronts, both practical and ethical. However, little has been said about the ways in which the normative design choices of app developers, and the products that result therefrom, might contribute to ethical reflection and wider political debate. Drawing from scholarship in critical design and human–computer interaction, this paper examines the development of a QR code-based tracking app called Zwaai (‘Wave’ in Dutch), where its designers explicitly positioned the app as an alternative to the predominant Bluetooth and GPS-based approaches. Through analyzing these designers’ choices, this paper argues that QR code infrastructures can work to surface a set of ethical–political seams, two of which are discussed here—responsibilization and networked (im)permanence—that more ‘seamless’ protocols like Bluetooth actively aim to bypass, and which may go otherwise unnoticed by existing ethical frameworks.},
keywords = {value:health},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
In the early months of 2020, the deadly Covid-19 disease spread rapidly around the world. In response, national and regional governments implemented a range of emergency lockdown measures, curtailing citizens’ movements and greatly limiting economic activity. More recently, as restrictions begin to be loosened or lifted entirely, the use of so-called contact tracing apps has figured prominently in many jurisdictions’ plans to reopen society. Critics have questioned the utility of such technologies on a number of fronts, both practical and ethical. However, little has been said about the ways in which the normative design choices of app developers, and the products that result therefrom, might contribute to ethical reflection and wider political debate. Drawing from scholarship in critical design and human–computer interaction, this paper examines the development of a QR code-based tracking app called Zwaai (‘Wave’ in Dutch), where its designers explicitly positioned the app as an alternative to the predominant Bluetooth and GPS-based approaches. Through analyzing these designers’ choices, this paper argues that QR code infrastructures can work to surface a set of ethical–political seams, two of which are discussed here—responsibilization and networked (im)permanence—that more ‘seamless’ protocols like Bluetooth actively aim to bypass, and which may go otherwise unnoticed by existing ethical frameworks.
Grunsven, Janna
Perceptual breakdown during a global pandemic: introducing phenomenological insights for digital mental health purposes Miscellaneous
2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: COVID-19, digital ethics, value:health
@misc{Grunsven2020,
title = {Perceptual breakdown during a global pandemic: introducing phenomenological insights for digital mental health purposes},
author = {Janna Grunsven},
editor = {J. van den Hoven M. J. Dennis and Georgy Ishmaev},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-020-09554-y#Sec4},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-020-09554-y},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-09-01},
journal = {Ethics and Information Technology (2020)},
abstract = {Online therapy sessions and other forms of digital mental health services (DMH) have seen a sharp spike in new users since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Having little access to their social networks and support systems, people have had to turn to digital tools and spaces to cope with their experiences of anxiety and loss. With no clear end to the pandemic in sight, many of us are likely to remain reliant upon DMH for the foreseeable future. As such, it is important to articulate some of the specific ways in which the pandemic is affecting our self and world-relation, such that we can identify how DMH services are best able to accommodate some of the newly emerging needs of their users. In this paper I will identify a specific type of loss brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic and present it as an important concept for DMH. I refer to this loss as loss of perceptual world-familiarity. Loss of perceptual world-familiarity entails a breakdown in the ongoing effortless responsiveness to our perceptual environment that characterizes much of our everyday lives. To cash this out I will turn to insights from the phenomenological tradition. Initially, my project is descriptive. I aim to bring out how loss of perceptual world-familiarity is a distinctive form of loss that is deeply pervasive yet easily overlooked—hence the relevance of explicating it for DMH purposes. But I will also venture into the space of the normative, offering some reasons for seeing perceptual world-familiarity as a component of well-being. I conclude the paper with a discussion of how loss of perceptual world-familiarity affects the therapeutic setting now that most if not all therapeutic interactions have transitioned to online spaces and I explore the potential to augment these spaces with social interaction technologies. Throughout, my discussion aims to do justice to the reality that perceptual world-familiarity is not an evenly distributed phenomenon, that factors like disability, gender and race affect its robustness, and that this ought to be reckoned with when seeking to incorporate the phenomenon into or mitigate it through DMH services.},
keywords = {COVID-19, digital ethics, value:health},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
Online therapy sessions and other forms of digital mental health services (DMH) have seen a sharp spike in new users since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Having little access to their social networks and support systems, people have had to turn to digital tools and spaces to cope with their experiences of anxiety and loss. With no clear end to the pandemic in sight, many of us are likely to remain reliant upon DMH for the foreseeable future. As such, it is important to articulate some of the specific ways in which the pandemic is affecting our self and world-relation, such that we can identify how DMH services are best able to accommodate some of the newly emerging needs of their users. In this paper I will identify a specific type of loss brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic and present it as an important concept for DMH. I refer to this loss as loss of perceptual world-familiarity. Loss of perceptual world-familiarity entails a breakdown in the ongoing effortless responsiveness to our perceptual environment that characterizes much of our everyday lives. To cash this out I will turn to insights from the phenomenological tradition. Initially, my project is descriptive. I aim to bring out how loss of perceptual world-familiarity is a distinctive form of loss that is deeply pervasive yet easily overlooked—hence the relevance of explicating it for DMH purposes. But I will also venture into the space of the normative, offering some reasons for seeing perceptual world-familiarity as a component of well-being. I conclude the paper with a discussion of how loss of perceptual world-familiarity affects the therapeutic setting now that most if not all therapeutic interactions have transitioned to online spaces and I explore the potential to augment these spaces with social interaction technologies. Throughout, my discussion aims to do justice to the reality that perceptual world-familiarity is not an evenly distributed phenomenon, that factors like disability, gender and race affect its robustness, and that this ought to be reckoned with when seeking to incorporate the phenomenon into or mitigate it through DMH services.
Marin, Lavinia
Three contextual dimensions of information on social media: lessons learned from the COVID-19 infodemic Miscellaneous
2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: COVID-19, value:health
@misc{Marin2020,
title = {Three contextual dimensions of information on social media: lessons learned from the COVID-19 infodemic},
author = {Lavinia Marin},
editor = {J. van den Hoven M. J. Dennis and Georgy Ishmaev},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-020-09550-2},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-020-09550-2},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-08-26},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied on social media by an explosion of information disorders such as inaccurate, misleading and irrelevant information. Countermeasures adopted thus far to curb these informational disorders have had limited success because these did not account for the diversity of informational contexts on social media, focusing instead almost exclusively on curating the factual content of user’s posts. However, content-focused measures do not address the primary causes of the infodemic itself, namely the user’s need to post content as a way of making sense of the situation and for gathering reactions of consensus from friends. This paper describes three types of informational context—weak epistemic, strong normative and strong emotional—which have not yet been taken into account by current measures to curb down the informational disorders. I show how these contexts are related to the infodemic and I propose measures for dealing with them for future global crisis situations.},
keywords = {COVID-19, value:health},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
The COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied on social media by an explosion of information disorders such as inaccurate, misleading and irrelevant information. Countermeasures adopted thus far to curb these informational disorders have had limited success because these did not account for the diversity of informational contexts on social media, focusing instead almost exclusively on curating the factual content of user’s posts. However, content-focused measures do not address the primary causes of the infodemic itself, namely the user’s need to post content as a way of making sense of the situation and for gathering reactions of consensus from friends. This paper describes three types of informational context—weak epistemic, strong normative and strong emotional—which have not yet been taken into account by current measures to curb down the informational disorders. I show how these contexts are related to the infodemic and I propose measures for dealing with them for future global crisis situations.
Steinert, Steffen
Corona and value change. The role of social media and emotional contagion Miscellaneous
2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: COVID-19, societal impact, theme:value-change, value:health
@misc{Steinert2020,
title = {Corona and value change. The role of social media and emotional contagion},
author = {Steffen Steinert},
editor = {J. van den Hoven M. J. Dennis and Georgy Ishmaev},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-020-09545-z},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-020-09545-z},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-07-21},
abstract = {People share their emotions on social media and evidence suggests that in times of crisis people are especially motivated to post emotional content. The current Coronavirus pandemic is such a crisis. The online sharing of emotional content during the Coronavirus crisis may contribute to societal value change. Emotion sharing via social media could lead to emotional contagion which in turn could facilitate an emotional climate in a society. In turn, the emotional climate of a society can influence society’s value structure. The emotions that spread in the current Coronavirus crisis are predominantly negative, which could result in a negative emotional climate. Based on the dynamic relations of values to each other and the way that emotions relate to values, a negative emotional climate can contribute to societal value change towards values related to security preservation and threat avoidance. As a consequence, a negative emotional climate and the shift in values could lead to a change in political attitudes that has implications for rights, freedom, privacy and moral progress. Considering the impact of social media in terms of emotional contagion and a longer-lasting value change is an important perspective in thinking about the ethical long-term impact of social media technology.},
keywords = {COVID-19, societal impact, theme:value-change, value:health},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
People share their emotions on social media and evidence suggests that in times of crisis people are especially motivated to post emotional content. The current Coronavirus pandemic is such a crisis. The online sharing of emotional content during the Coronavirus crisis may contribute to societal value change. Emotion sharing via social media could lead to emotional contagion which in turn could facilitate an emotional climate in a society. In turn, the emotional climate of a society can influence society’s value structure. The emotions that spread in the current Coronavirus crisis are predominantly negative, which could result in a negative emotional climate. Based on the dynamic relations of values to each other and the way that emotions relate to values, a negative emotional climate can contribute to societal value change towards values related to security preservation and threat avoidance. As a consequence, a negative emotional climate and the shift in values could lead to a change in political attitudes that has implications for rights, freedom, privacy and moral progress. Considering the impact of social media in terms of emotional contagion and a longer-lasting value change is an important perspective in thinking about the ethical long-term impact of social media technology.
Sharon, Tamar
2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: value:health
@misc{Sharon2020,
title = {Blind-sided by privacy? Digital contact tracing, the Apple/Google API and big tech’s newfound role as global health policy makers},
author = {Tamar Sharon},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-020-09547-x},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-020-09547-x},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-07-18},
urldate = {2020-07-18},
abstract = {Since the outbreak of COVID-19, governments have turned their attention to digital contact tracing. In many countries, public debate has focused on the risks this technology poses to privacy, with advocates and experts sounding alarm bells about surveillance and mission creep reminiscent of the post 9/11 era. Yet, when Apple and Google launched their contact tracing API in April 2020, some of the world’s leading privacy experts applauded this initiative for its privacy-preserving technical specifications. In an interesting twist, the tech giants came to be portrayed as greater champions of privacy than some democratic governments. This article proposes to view the Apple/Google API in terms of a broader phenomenon whereby tech corporations are encroaching into ever new spheres of social life. From this perspective, the (legitimate) advantage these actors have accrued in the sphere of the production of digital goods provides them with (illegitimate) access to the spheres of health and medicine, and more worrisome, to the sphere of politics. These sphere transgressions raise numerous risks that are not captured by the focus on privacy harms. Namely, a crowding out of essential spherical expertise, new dependencies on corporate actors for the delivery of essential, public goods, the shaping of (global) public policy by non-representative, private actors and ultimately, the accumulation of decision-making power across multiple spheres. While privacy is certainly an important value, its centrality in the debate on digital contact tracing may blind us to these broader societal harms and unwittingly pave the way for ever more sphere transgressions.},
keywords = {value:health},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, governments have turned their attention to digital contact tracing. In many countries, public debate has focused on the risks this technology poses to privacy, with advocates and experts sounding alarm bells about surveillance and mission creep reminiscent of the post 9/11 era. Yet, when Apple and Google launched their contact tracing API in April 2020, some of the world’s leading privacy experts applauded this initiative for its privacy-preserving technical specifications. In an interesting twist, the tech giants came to be portrayed as greater champions of privacy than some democratic governments. This article proposes to view the Apple/Google API in terms of a broader phenomenon whereby tech corporations are encroaching into ever new spheres of social life. From this perspective, the (legitimate) advantage these actors have accrued in the sphere of the production of digital goods provides them with (illegitimate) access to the spheres of health and medicine, and more worrisome, to the sphere of politics. These sphere transgressions raise numerous risks that are not captured by the focus on privacy harms. Namely, a crowding out of essential spherical expertise, new dependencies on corporate actors for the delivery of essential, public goods, the shaping of (global) public policy by non-representative, private actors and ultimately, the accumulation of decision-making power across multiple spheres. While privacy is certainly an important value, its centrality in the debate on digital contact tracing may blind us to these broader societal harms and unwittingly pave the way for ever more sphere transgressions.
Klenk, Michael; Duijf, Hein
Ethics of Digital Contact Tracing and COVID-19: Who Is (Not) Free to Go? Miscellaneous
2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: active responsibility, COVID-19, digital contact tracing, digital ethics, fairness, SARS-CoV-2, value:health, value:justice
@misc{Klenk2020,
title = {Ethics of Digital Contact Tracing and COVID-19: Who Is (Not) Free to Go?},
author = {Michael Klenk and Hein Duijf},
editor = {J. van den Hoven M. J. Dennis and Georgy Ishmaev},
url = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=3595394},
doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3595394},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-05-28},
urldate = {2020-05-28},
abstract = {Digital tracing technologies are heralded as an effective way of containing SARS-CoV-2 faster than it is spreading, thereby allowing the possibility of easing draconic measures of population-wide quarantine. But existing technological proposals risk addressing the wrong problem. The objective is not solely to maximise the ratio of people freed from quarantine but to also ensure that the composition of the freed group is fair. We identify several factors that pose a risk for fair group composition along with an analysis of general lessons for a philosophy of technology. Policymakers, epidemiologists, and developers can use these risk factors to benchmark proposal technologies, curb the pandemic, and keep public trust.},
keywords = {active responsibility, COVID-19, digital contact tracing, digital ethics, fairness, SARS-CoV-2, value:health, value:justice},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
Digital tracing technologies are heralded as an effective way of containing SARS-CoV-2 faster than it is spreading, thereby allowing the possibility of easing draconic measures of population-wide quarantine. But existing technological proposals risk addressing the wrong problem. The objective is not solely to maximise the ratio of people freed from quarantine but to also ensure that the composition of the freed group is fair. We identify several factors that pose a risk for fair group composition along with an analysis of general lessons for a philosophy of technology. Policymakers, epidemiologists, and developers can use these risk factors to benchmark proposal technologies, curb the pandemic, and keep public trust.
Fordyce, Saraleah
Value Sensitive Design: Shaping Technology with Moral Imagination Journal Article
In: Design and Culture, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 109–111, 2020, ISSN: 1754-7083.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Cultural Studies, Visual Arts and Performing Arts
@article{Fordyce2019,
title = {Value Sensitive Design: Shaping Technology with Moral Imagination},
author = {Saraleah Fordyce},
doi = {10.1080/17547075.2019.1684698},
issn = {1754-7083},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-02},
journal = {Design and Culture},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {109–111},
publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
keywords = {Cultural Studies, Visual Arts and Performing Arts},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Reuver, Mark; Wynsberghe, Aimee; Janssen, Marijn; Poel, Ibo
Digital platforms and responsible innovation: expanding value sensitive design to overcome ontological uncertainty Journal Article
In: Ethics and Information Technology, vol. 22, 2020, (This article explains why better dealing with value change requires extending value-sensitive design to the full life cycle of products, and how this can be done.).
Links | BibTeX | Tags: theme:value-change, value dynamics
@article{articlee,
title = {Digital platforms and responsible innovation: expanding value sensitive design to overcome ontological uncertainty},
author = {Mark Reuver and Aimee Wynsberghe and Marijn Janssen and Ibo Poel},
doi = {10.1007/s10676-020-09537-z},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
urldate = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Ethics and Information Technology},
volume = {22},
note = {This article explains why better dealing with value change requires extending value-sensitive design to the full life cycle of products, and how this can be done.},
keywords = {theme:value-change, value dynamics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2019
Wynsberghe, Aimee; Robbins, Scott
Critiquing the Reasons for Making Artificial Moral Agents Journal Article
In: Science and Engineering Ethics, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 719–735, 2019, ISSN: 1471-5546.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: artificial intelligence, artificial moral agents, machine ethics, robot ethics
@article{vanWynsberghe2019,
title = {Critiquing the Reasons for Making Artificial Moral Agents},
author = {Aimee Wynsberghe and Scott Robbins},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-018-0030-8},
doi = {10.1007/s11948-018-0030-8},
issn = {1471-5546},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-06-01},
urldate = {2019-06-01},
journal = {Science and Engineering Ethics},
volume = {25},
number = {3},
pages = {719–735},
abstract = {Many industry leaders and academics from the field of machine ethics would have us believe that the inevitability of robots coming to have a larger role in our lives demands that robots be endowed with moral reasoning capabilities. Robots endowed in this way may be referred to as artificial moral agents (AMA). Reasons often given for developing AMAs are: the prevention of harm, the necessity for public trust, the prevention of immoral use, such machines are better moral reasoners than humans, and building these machines would lead to a better understanding of human morality. Although some scholars have challenged the very initiative to develop AMAs, what is currently missing from the debate is a closer examination of the reasons offered by machine ethicists to justify the development of AMAs. This closer examination is especially needed because of the amount of funding currently being allocated to the development of AMAs (from funders like Elon Musk) coupled with the amount of attention researchers and industry leaders receive in the media for their efforts in this direction. The stakes in this debate are high because moral robots would make demands on society; answers to a host of pending questions about what counts as an AMA and whether they are morally responsible for their behavior or not. This paper shifts the burden of proof back to the machine ethicists demanding that they give good reasons to build AMAs. The paper argues that until this is done, the development of commercially available AMAs should not proceed further.},
keywords = {artificial intelligence, artificial moral agents, machine ethics, robot ethics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Many industry leaders and academics from the field of machine ethics would have us believe that the inevitability of robots coming to have a larger role in our lives demands that robots be endowed with moral reasoning capabilities. Robots endowed in this way may be referred to as artificial moral agents (AMA). Reasons often given for developing AMAs are: the prevention of harm, the necessity for public trust, the prevention of immoral use, such machines are better moral reasoners than humans, and building these machines would lead to a better understanding of human morality. Although some scholars have challenged the very initiative to develop AMAs, what is currently missing from the debate is a closer examination of the reasons offered by machine ethicists to justify the development of AMAs. This closer examination is especially needed because of the amount of funding currently being allocated to the development of AMAs (from funders like Elon Musk) coupled with the amount of attention researchers and industry leaders receive in the media for their efforts in this direction. The stakes in this debate are high because moral robots would make demands on society; answers to a host of pending questions about what counts as an AMA and whether they are morally responsible for their behavior or not. This paper shifts the burden of proof back to the machine ethicists demanding that they give good reasons to build AMAs. The paper argues that until this is done, the development of commercially available AMAs should not proceed further.
Friedman, Batya; Hendry, David
Value Sensitive Design: Shaping Technology with Moral Imagination Book
2019, ISBN: 9780262351690, (This book focuses on Value Sensitive Design as a methodology to consider values in the design of technology.).
@book{book,
title = {Value Sensitive Design: Shaping Technology with Moral Imagination},
author = {Batya Friedman and David Hendry},
doi = {10.7551/mitpress/7585.001.0001},
isbn = {9780262351690},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
urldate = {2019-01-01},
note = {This book focuses on Value Sensitive Design as a methodology to consider values in the design of technology.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Conversano, Irene; Conte, Livia; Mulder, Ingrid
Research through Design for accounting values in design Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the fourth biennial Research through Design Conference (RTD 2019) "Method & Critique – Frictions and Shifts in Research through Design", 19-22 March 2019, Science Center & Het Nieuwe Instituut, Delft & Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2019.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: artifacts, awareness, ethics, research through design, values
@inproceedings{Conversano2019,
title = {Research through Design for accounting values in design},
author = {Irene Conversano and Livia Conte and Ingrid Mulder},
url = {https://figshare.com/articles/Research_through_Design_for_accounting_values_in_design/7855865},
doi = {10.6084/m9.figshare.7855865.v1},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the fourth biennial Research through Design Conference (RTD 2019) "Method & Critique – Frictions and Shifts in Research through Design", 19-22 March 2019},
issuetitle = {Proceedings of the fourth biennial Research through Design Conference (RTD 2019) "Method & Critique – Frictions and Shifts in Research through Design"},
publisher = {Science Center & Het Nieuwe Instituut},
address = {Delft & Rotterdam, The Netherlands},
abstract = {Although Value Sensitive Design offers a theoretical and methodological framework to account for values in design, many questions and controversies are left. The current work aims to contribute to this value debate, by taking stock of large Research through Design (RtD) programs including their developed artifacts, to explore to what extent the explicit and tacit knowledge generated enabled actors to make public and cultural values explicit. Differently put, seven ongoing RtD projects have been studied in an elaborate RtD process articulated in three phases, differentiating in their focus: 1) understanding the values involved in the RtD projects; 2) share insights to steer peer debate on Research on Values, and 3) co-analyse the data and generate further insights. The current research brings forward two main contributions to the RTD community. On the one hand, using ongoing RtD projects in an RtD approach provides a kaleidoscopic perspective on how research and design constantly inform each other through the application of design. On the other hand, the adoption of this kaleidoscopic RtD approach in the context of multidisciplinary research on values acts as a catalyst that generated knowledge and insights to stimulate the debate on accounting values in design research.},
keywords = {artifacts, awareness, ethics, research through design, values},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Although Value Sensitive Design offers a theoretical and methodological framework to account for values in design, many questions and controversies are left. The current work aims to contribute to this value debate, by taking stock of large Research through Design (RtD) programs including their developed artifacts, to explore to what extent the explicit and tacit knowledge generated enabled actors to make public and cultural values explicit. Differently put, seven ongoing RtD projects have been studied in an elaborate RtD process articulated in three phases, differentiating in their focus: 1) understanding the values involved in the RtD projects; 2) share insights to steer peer debate on Research on Values, and 3) co-analyse the data and generate further insights. The current research brings forward two main contributions to the RTD community. On the one hand, using ongoing RtD projects in an RtD approach provides a kaleidoscopic perspective on how research and design constantly inform each other through the application of design. On the other hand, the adoption of this kaleidoscopic RtD approach in the context of multidisciplinary research on values acts as a catalyst that generated knowledge and insights to stimulate the debate on accounting values in design research.
2018
Tromp, Nynke; Hekkert, Paul
Designing for Society; Products and Services for a Better World Book
Bloomsburry, 2018, ISBN: 9781472567987.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: design thinking, impact assessment, industrial design, social context mapping, social design, value:wellbeing-happiness
@book{Tromp2018,
title = {Designing for Society; Products and Services for a Better World},
author = {Nynke Tromp and Paul Hekkert},
url = {https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/designing-for-society-9781472567987/},
isbn = {9781472567987},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-12-27},
publisher = {Bloomsburry},
abstract = {Our globalised world is encountering problems on an unprecedented scale. Many of the issues we face as societies extend beyond the borders of our nations. Phenomena such as terrorism, climate change, immigration, cybercrime and poverty can no longer be understood without considering the complex socio-technical systems that support our way of living. It is widely acknowledged that to contend with any of the pressing issues of our time, we have to substantially adapt our lifestyles. To adequately counteract the problems of our time, we need interventions that help us actually adopt the behaviours that lead us toward a more sustainable and ethically just future.
In emphDesigning for Society, Paul Hekkert and Nynke Tromp provide a hands-on tool for design professionals and students who wish to use design to counteract social issues. Viewing the artefact as a unique means of facilitating behavioural change to realise social impact, this book goes beyond the current trend of applying design thinking to enhancing public services, and beyond the idea of the designer as a facilitator of localised social change.},
keywords = {design thinking, impact assessment, industrial design, social context mapping, social design, value:wellbeing-happiness},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Our globalised world is encountering problems on an unprecedented scale. Many of the issues we face as societies extend beyond the borders of our nations. Phenomena such as terrorism, climate change, immigration, cybercrime and poverty can no longer be understood without considering the complex socio-technical systems that support our way of living. It is widely acknowledged that to contend with any of the pressing issues of our time, we have to substantially adapt our lifestyles. To adequately counteract the problems of our time, we need interventions that help us actually adopt the behaviours that lead us toward a more sustainable and ethically just future.
In emphDesigning for Society, Paul Hekkert and Nynke Tromp provide a hands-on tool for design professionals and students who wish to use design to counteract social issues. Viewing the artefact as a unique means of facilitating behavioural change to realise social impact, this book goes beyond the current trend of applying design thinking to enhancing public services, and beyond the idea of the designer as a facilitator of localised social change.
In emphDesigning for Society, Paul Hekkert and Nynke Tromp provide a hands-on tool for design professionals and students who wish to use design to counteract social issues. Viewing the artefact as a unique means of facilitating behavioural change to realise social impact, this book goes beyond the current trend of applying design thinking to enhancing public services, and beyond the idea of the designer as a facilitator of localised social change.
Poel, Ibo
Design for value change Journal Article
In: Ethics and Information Technology, 2018, ISSN: 1572-8439.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adaptability, flexibility, robustness, theme:value-change, value change, value sensitive design, values
@article{vandePoel2018,
title = {Design for value change},
author = {Ibo Poel},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-018-9461-9},
doi = {10.1007/s10676-018-9461-9},
issn = {1572-8439},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-06-26},
journal = {Ethics and Information Technology},
abstract = {In the value sensitive design (VSD) literature, there has been little attention for how values may change during the adoption and use of a sociotechnical system, and what that implies for design. A value change taxonomy is proposed, as well as a number of technical features that allow dealing with value change.},
keywords = {adaptability, flexibility, robustness, theme:value-change, value change, value sensitive design, values},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In the value sensitive design (VSD) literature, there has been little attention for how values may change during the adoption and use of a sociotechnical system, and what that implies for design. A value change taxonomy is proposed, as well as a number of technical features that allow dealing with value change.
Stone, Taylor
The Value of Darkness: A Moral Framework for Urban Nighttime Lighting Journal Article
In: Science and Engineering Ethics, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 607–628, 2018, ISSN: 1471-5546.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: artificial light at night, darkness, design for values, environmental ethics, light pollution, nighttime illumination
@article{Stone2018,
title = {The Value of Darkness: A Moral Framework for Urban Nighttime Lighting},
author = {Taylor Stone},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9924-0},
doi = {10.1007/s11948-017-9924-0},
issn = {1471-5546},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-04-01},
journal = {Science and Engineering Ethics},
volume = {24},
number = {2},
pages = {607–628},
abstract = {The adverse effects of artificial nighttime lighting, known as light pollution, are emerging as an important environmental issue. To address these effects, current scientific research focuses mainly on identifying what is bad or undesirable about certain types and uses of lighting at night. This paper adopts a value-sensitive approach, focusing instead on what is good about darkness at night. In doing so, it offers a first comprehensive analysis of the environmental value of darkness at night from within applied ethics. A design for values orientation is utilized to conceptualize, define, and categorize the ways in which value is derived from darkness. Nine values are identified and categorized via their type of good, temporal outlook, and spatial characteristics. Furthermore, these nine values are translated into prima facie moral obligations that should be incorporated into future design choices, policy-making, and innovations to nighttime lighting. Thus, the value of darkness is analyzed with the practical goal of informing future decision-making about urban nighttime lighting.},
keywords = {artificial light at night, darkness, design for values, environmental ethics, light pollution, nighttime illumination},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The adverse effects of artificial nighttime lighting, known as light pollution, are emerging as an important environmental issue. To address these effects, current scientific research focuses mainly on identifying what is bad or undesirable about certain types and uses of lighting at night. This paper adopts a value-sensitive approach, focusing instead on what is good about darkness at night. In doing so, it offers a first comprehensive analysis of the environmental value of darkness at night from within applied ethics. A design for values orientation is utilized to conceptualize, define, and categorize the ways in which value is derived from darkness. Nine values are identified and categorized via their type of good, temporal outlook, and spatial characteristics. Furthermore, these nine values are translated into prima facie moral obligations that should be incorporated into future design choices, policy-making, and innovations to nighttime lighting. Thus, the value of darkness is analyzed with the practical goal of informing future decision-making about urban nighttime lighting.
Dignum, Virginia
Responsible artificial intelligence: designing AI for human values Journal Article
In: ITU Journal: ICT Discoveries, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: artificial intelligence, design for values, ethics, societal impact, value:accountability
@article{Dignum2017,
title = {Responsible artificial intelligence: designing AI for human values},
author = {Virginia Dignum},
url = {https://www.itu.int/en/journal/001/Pages/01.aspx},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-03-01},
urldate = {2018-03-01},
journal = {ITU Journal: ICT Discoveries},
volume = {1},
number = {1},
pages = {1-8},
abstract = {Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly affecting our lives in smaller or greater ways. In order to ensure that systems will uphold human values, design methods are needed that incorporate ethical principles and address societal concerns. In this paper, we explore the impact of AI in the case of the expected effects on the European labor market, and propose the accountability, responsibility and transparency (ART) design principles for the development of AI systems that are sensitive to human values.},
keywords = {artificial intelligence, design for values, ethics, societal impact, value:accountability},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly affecting our lives in smaller or greater ways. In order to ensure that systems will uphold human values, design methods are needed that incorporate ethical principles and address societal concerns. In this paper, we explore the impact of AI in the case of the expected effects on the European labor market, and propose the accountability, responsibility and transparency (ART) design principles for the development of AI systems that are sensitive to human values.
Hein, Carola
Oil Spaces: The Global Petroleumscape in the Rotterdam/The Hague Area Journal Article
In: Journal of Urban History, vol. 0, no. 0, pp. 0096144217752460, 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: global flows of oil, petroleum, Rotterdam, The Hague, urban history
@article{doi:10.1177/0096144217752460,
title = {Oil Spaces: The Global Petroleumscape in the Rotterdam/The Hague Area},
author = {Carola Hein},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144217752460},
doi = {10.1177/0096144217752460},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-02-23},
journal = {Journal of Urban History},
volume = {0},
number = {0},
pages = {0096144217752460},
abstract = {Corporate and public actors have built the physical and financial flows of petroleum into the very landscape. This article identifies different layers of those flows— physical, represented, and everyday practices—that combine into a palimpsestic global petroleumscape. It posits that these layers historically became essential parts of modern society and of citizens’ everyday lives. Resulting path dependencies and an energy culture help maintain the buildings and urban forms needed for physical and financial oil flows and celebrate oil as a heroic cultural agent, in a feedback loop that leads societies to consume more oil. Following a general analysis, the article uses the Rotterdam/The Hague area, part of the North West European petroleum hub, as a case study of this feedback loop. Only in appreciating the power and extent of oil can we engage with the complex emerging challenges of sustainable design, policy making, heritage, and future built environments beyond oil.},
keywords = {global flows of oil, petroleum, Rotterdam, The Hague, urban history},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Corporate and public actors have built the physical and financial flows of petroleum into the very landscape. This article identifies different layers of those flows— physical, represented, and everyday practices—that combine into a palimpsestic global petroleumscape. It posits that these layers historically became essential parts of modern society and of citizens’ everyday lives. Resulting path dependencies and an energy culture help maintain the buildings and urban forms needed for physical and financial oil flows and celebrate oil as a heroic cultural agent, in a feedback loop that leads societies to consume more oil. Following a general analysis, the article uses the Rotterdam/The Hague area, part of the North West European petroleum hub, as a case study of this feedback loop. Only in appreciating the power and extent of oil can we engage with the complex emerging challenges of sustainable design, policy making, heritage, and future built environments beyond oil.
Digital Twins in Health Care: Ethical Implications of an Emerging Engineering Paradigm Journal Article
In: Frontiers in Genetics, vol. 9, pp. 31, 2018, ISSN: 1664-8021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: digital twins, ethics of biomedical data, ethics of human enhancement, personalized medicine, privacy, privacy in healthcare, technologies, therapy, value sensitive design in healthcare technologies, value:health, virtual self
@article{10.3389/fgene.2018.00031,
title = {Digital Twins in Health Care: Ethical Implications of an Emerging Engineering Paradigm},
url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2018.00031},
doi = {10.3389/fgene.2018.00031},
issn = {1664-8021},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-02-13},
urldate = {2018-02-13},
journal = {Frontiers in Genetics},
volume = {9},
pages = {31},
abstract = {Personalized medicine uses fine grained information on individual persons, to pinpoint deviations from the normal. ‘Digital Twins’ in engineering provide a conceptual framework to analyse these emerging data-driven health care practices, as well as their implications for therapy, preventative care and human enhancement.
Digital Twins stands for a specific engineering paradigm, where individual physical artefacts are paired with a digital model that dynamically reflects the status of that artefact. When applied to persons, Digital Twins are an emerging technology that builds in silico representations of an individual that dynamically reflect molecular status, physiological status and life style over time.
We use Digital Twins as the hypothesis that one would be in the possession of very detailed bio-physical and lifestyle information of a person over time. This perspective redefines the concept of ‘normality’ or ‘health’, as a set of patterns that are regular for a particular individual, against the backdrop of patterns observed in the population. This perspective also will impact what is considered therapy and what is enhancement, as can be illustrated with the cases of the ‘asymptomatic ill’ and life extension via anti-ageing medicine. This changes are the consequence of how meaning is derived, in case measurement data is available. Moral distinctions namely will be based on patterns found in these data and the meanings that are grafted on these patterns.
Ethical and societal implications of Digital Twins are explored. Digital Twins imply a data-driven approach to health care. This approach has the potential to deliver significant societal benefits, and can function as a social equalizer, by allowing for effective equalizing enhancement interventions. It can as well though be a driver for inequality, given the fact that a digital twin might not be an accessible technology for everyone, and given the fact that patterns identified across a population of digital twins can lead to segmentation and discrimination. This duality calls for governance as this emerging technology matures, including measures that ensure transparency of data usage and derived benefits, and data privacy.},
keywords = {digital twins, ethics of biomedical data, ethics of human enhancement, personalized medicine, privacy, privacy in healthcare, technologies, therapy, value sensitive design in healthcare technologies, value:health, virtual self},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Personalized medicine uses fine grained information on individual persons, to pinpoint deviations from the normal. ‘Digital Twins’ in engineering provide a conceptual framework to analyse these emerging data-driven health care practices, as well as their implications for therapy, preventative care and human enhancement.
Digital Twins stands for a specific engineering paradigm, where individual physical artefacts are paired with a digital model that dynamically reflects the status of that artefact. When applied to persons, Digital Twins are an emerging technology that builds in silico representations of an individual that dynamically reflect molecular status, physiological status and life style over time.
We use Digital Twins as the hypothesis that one would be in the possession of very detailed bio-physical and lifestyle information of a person over time. This perspective redefines the concept of ‘normality’ or ‘health’, as a set of patterns that are regular for a particular individual, against the backdrop of patterns observed in the population. This perspective also will impact what is considered therapy and what is enhancement, as can be illustrated with the cases of the ‘asymptomatic ill’ and life extension via anti-ageing medicine. This changes are the consequence of how meaning is derived, in case measurement data is available. Moral distinctions namely will be based on patterns found in these data and the meanings that are grafted on these patterns.
Ethical and societal implications of Digital Twins are explored. Digital Twins imply a data-driven approach to health care. This approach has the potential to deliver significant societal benefits, and can function as a social equalizer, by allowing for effective equalizing enhancement interventions. It can as well though be a driver for inequality, given the fact that a digital twin might not be an accessible technology for everyone, and given the fact that patterns identified across a population of digital twins can lead to segmentation and discrimination. This duality calls for governance as this emerging technology matures, including measures that ensure transparency of data usage and derived benefits, and data privacy.
Digital Twins stands for a specific engineering paradigm, where individual physical artefacts are paired with a digital model that dynamically reflects the status of that artefact. When applied to persons, Digital Twins are an emerging technology that builds in silico representations of an individual that dynamically reflect molecular status, physiological status and life style over time.
We use Digital Twins as the hypothesis that one would be in the possession of very detailed bio-physical and lifestyle information of a person over time. This perspective redefines the concept of ‘normality’ or ‘health’, as a set of patterns that are regular for a particular individual, against the backdrop of patterns observed in the population. This perspective also will impact what is considered therapy and what is enhancement, as can be illustrated with the cases of the ‘asymptomatic ill’ and life extension via anti-ageing medicine. This changes are the consequence of how meaning is derived, in case measurement data is available. Moral distinctions namely will be based on patterns found in these data and the meanings that are grafted on these patterns.
Ethical and societal implications of Digital Twins are explored. Digital Twins imply a data-driven approach to health care. This approach has the potential to deliver significant societal benefits, and can function as a social equalizer, by allowing for effective equalizing enhancement interventions. It can as well though be a driver for inequality, given the fact that a digital twin might not be an accessible technology for everyone, and given the fact that patterns identified across a population of digital twins can lead to segmentation and discrimination. This duality calls for governance as this emerging technology matures, including measures that ensure transparency of data usage and derived benefits, and data privacy.
Palmeros, Parada Mar; Lotte, Asveld; Patricia, Osseweijer; A., Posada John
Setting the design space of biorefineries through sustainability values, a practical approach Journal Article
In: Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 29-44, 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: biojet fuel, biorefinery design, inclusive design, sustainability, sustainable biorefinery, value sensitive design
@article{Palmeros2018,
title = {Setting the design space of biorefineries through sustainability values, a practical approach},
author = {Parada Mar Palmeros and Asveld Lotte and Osseweijer Patricia and Posada John A.},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bbb.1819},
doi = {10.1002/bbb.1819},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-02-01},
journal = {Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {29-44},
abstract = {Abstract Sustainable development has become an outstanding aspiration in our society. However, the meaning of sustainability and how it should be operationalized is a complex issue that depends on subjective beliefs and values. To advance toward sustainable biobased production, we present an approach to delimit the design space of biorefineries by considering stakeholders’ values. Concepts from Design for Values were taken as the starting point for this approach, which was further developed with a biojet fuel production case in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. Design propositions that considered the interaction between stakeholders’ values, sustainability, and the production system were derived and used to suggest design space boundaries. These design boundaries are indicative, allowing for deliberation during future design activities. Through them, designers are prompted to actively reflect on the interaction between biorefinery systems and the socioeconomic and environmental context around them. By opening the design process to stakeholders’ values, we have developed a constructivist approach to incorporate sustainability in an inclusive and context-specific manner during the early stages of biorefinery design. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd},
keywords = {biojet fuel, biorefinery design, inclusive design, sustainability, sustainable biorefinery, value sensitive design},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Abstract Sustainable development has become an outstanding aspiration in our society. However, the meaning of sustainability and how it should be operationalized is a complex issue that depends on subjective beliefs and values. To advance toward sustainable biobased production, we present an approach to delimit the design space of biorefineries by considering stakeholders’ values. Concepts from Design for Values were taken as the starting point for this approach, which was further developed with a biojet fuel production case in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. Design propositions that considered the interaction between stakeholders’ values, sustainability, and the production system were derived and used to suggest design space boundaries. These design boundaries are indicative, allowing for deliberation during future design activities. Through them, designers are prompted to actively reflect on the interaction between biorefinery systems and the socioeconomic and environmental context around them. By opening the design process to stakeholders’ values, we have developed a constructivist approach to incorporate sustainability in an inclusive and context-specific manner during the early stages of biorefinery design. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Flipse, Steven M; Puylaert, Steven
In: Science and Engineering Ethics, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 49–72, 2018, ISSN: 1471-5546.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: automated vehicles, co-creation, constructive dialogue, design requirements, responsible innovation
@article{Flipse2018,
title = {Organizing a Collaborative Development of Technological Design Requirements Using a Constructive Dialogue on Value Profiles: A Case in Automated Vehicle Development},
author = {Steven M Flipse and Steven Puylaert},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9877-3},
doi = {10.1007/s11948-017-9877-3},
issn = {1471-5546},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-02-01},
journal = {Science and Engineering Ethics},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {49–72},
abstract = {Following societal and policy pressures for responsible innovation, innovators are more and more expected to consider the broader socio-ethical context of their work, and more importantly, to integrate such considerations into their daily practices. This may require the involvement of `outsiders' in innovation trajectories, including e.g. societal and governmental actors. However, methods on how to functionally organize such integration in light of responsible innovation have only recently started to emerge. We present an approach to do just that, in which we first develop value profiles of the involved actors, and second, design a workshop setting that allows innovators to develop design requirements in collaboration with representatives of parties that are not usually involved in such innovation design practices. Using a case study in automated vehicle development, we positively demonstrate the possibility and utility of our approach. We stress that in this study we wish to demonstrate the functionality of our developed method, and did not search for scientifically valid outcomes regarding this technical field.},
keywords = {automated vehicles, co-creation, constructive dialogue, design requirements, responsible innovation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Following societal and policy pressures for responsible innovation, innovators are more and more expected to consider the broader socio-ethical context of their work, and more importantly, to integrate such considerations into their daily practices. This may require the involvement of `outsiders' in innovation trajectories, including e.g. societal and governmental actors. However, methods on how to functionally organize such integration in light of responsible innovation have only recently started to emerge. We present an approach to do just that, in which we first develop value profiles of the involved actors, and second, design a workshop setting that allows innovators to develop design requirements in collaboration with representatives of parties that are not usually involved in such innovation design practices. Using a case study in automated vehicle development, we positively demonstrate the possibility and utility of our approach. We stress that in this study we wish to demonstrate the functionality of our developed method, and did not search for scientifically valid outcomes regarding this technical field.
Bennati, Stefano; Dusparic, Ivana; Shinde, Rhythima; Jonker, Catholijn M
Volunteers in the Smart City: Comparison of Contribution Strategies on Human-Centered Measures Journal Article
In: Sensors, vol. 18, no. 11, 2018, ISSN: 1424-8220.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: artificial intelligence, big data, fairness, participatory sensing, privacy, public good, smart cities, value:justice
@article{s18113707,
title = {Volunteers in the Smart City: Comparison of Contribution Strategies on Human-Centered Measures},
author = {Stefano Bennati and Ivana Dusparic and Rhythima Shinde and Catholijn M Jonker},
url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3707},
doi = {10.3390/s18113707},
issn = {1424-8220},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
urldate = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Sensors},
volume = {18},
number = {11},
abstract = {Provision of smart city services often relies on users contribution, e.g., of data, which can be costly for the users in terms of privacy. Privacy risks, as well as unfair distribution of benefits to the users, should be minimized as they undermine user participation, which is crucial for the success of smart city applications. This paper investigates privacy, fairness, and social welfare in smart city applications by means of computer simulations grounded on real-world data, i.e., smart meter readings and participatory sensing. We generalize the use of public good theory as a model for resource management in smart city applications, by proposing a design principle that is applicable across application scenarios, where provision of a service depends on user contributions. We verify its applicability by showing its implementation in two scenarios: smart grid and traffic congestion information system. Following this design principle, we evaluate different classes of algorithms for resource management, with respect to human-centered measures, i.e., privacy, fairness and social welfare, and identify algorithm-specific trade-offs that are scenario independent. These results could be of interest to smart city application designers to choose a suitable algorithm given a scenario-specific set of requirements, and to users to choose a service based on an algorithm that matches their privacy preferences.},
keywords = {artificial intelligence, big data, fairness, participatory sensing, privacy, public good, smart cities, value:justice},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Provision of smart city services often relies on users contribution, e.g., of data, which can be costly for the users in terms of privacy. Privacy risks, as well as unfair distribution of benefits to the users, should be minimized as they undermine user participation, which is crucial for the success of smart city applications. This paper investigates privacy, fairness, and social welfare in smart city applications by means of computer simulations grounded on real-world data, i.e., smart meter readings and participatory sensing. We generalize the use of public good theory as a model for resource management in smart city applications, by proposing a design principle that is applicable across application scenarios, where provision of a service depends on user contributions. We verify its applicability by showing its implementation in two scenarios: smart grid and traffic congestion information system. Following this design principle, we evaluate different classes of algorithms for resource management, with respect to human-centered measures, i.e., privacy, fairness and social welfare, and identify algorithm-specific trade-offs that are scenario independent. These results could be of interest to smart city application designers to choose a suitable algorithm given a scenario-specific set of requirements, and to users to choose a service based on an algorithm that matches their privacy preferences.
Sio, Filippo Santoni; Hoven, Jeroen
Meaningful Human Control over Autonomous Systems: A Philosophical Account Journal Article
In: Frontiers in Robotics and AI, vol. 5, pp. 15, 2018, ISSN: 2296-9144.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: artificial intelligence, guidance control, lethal autonomous weapon systems, meaningful human control, moral responsibility, responsible innovation, value sensitive design, value:autonomy
@article{10.3389/frobt.2018.00015,
title = {Meaningful Human Control over Autonomous Systems: A Philosophical Account},
author = {Filippo Santoni Sio and Jeroen Hoven},
url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/frobt.2018.00015},
doi = {10.3389/frobt.2018.00015},
issn = {2296-9144},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
urldate = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Frontiers in Robotics and AI},
volume = {5},
pages = {15},
abstract = {Debates on lethal autonomous weapon systems have proliferated in the last five years. Ethical concerns have been voiced about a possible raise in the number of wrongs and crimes in military operations and about the creation of a “responsibility gap” for harms caused by these systems. To address these concerns, the principle of “meaningful human control” has been introduced in the legal-political debate; according to this principle humans not computers and their algorithms should ultimately remain in control of, and thus morally responsible for relevant decisions about (lethal) military operations. However, policy-makers and technical designers lack a detailed theory of what “meaningful human control” exactly means. In this paper we lay the foundation of a philosophical account of meaningful human control, based on the concept of “guidance control” as elaborated in the philosophical debate on free will and moral responsibility. Following the ideals of “Responsible Innovation” and “Value-sensitive Design” our account of meaningful human control is cast in the form of design requirements. We identify two general, necessary conditions to be satisfied for an autonomous system to remain under meaningful human control: first, a “tracking” condition, according to which the system should be able to respond to both the relevant moral reasons of the humans designing and deploying the system and the relevant facts in the environment in which the system operates; second, a “tracing” condition, according to which the system should be designed in such a way as to grant the possibility to always trace back the outcome of its operations to at least one human along the chain of design and operation. As we think that meaningful human control can be one of the central notions in ethics of robotics and AI, in the last part of the paper we start exploring the implications of our account for the design and use of non-military autonomous systems, for instance self-driving cars.},
keywords = {artificial intelligence, guidance control, lethal autonomous weapon systems, meaningful human control, moral responsibility, responsible innovation, value sensitive design, value:autonomy},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Debates on lethal autonomous weapon systems have proliferated in the last five years. Ethical concerns have been voiced about a possible raise in the number of wrongs and crimes in military operations and about the creation of a “responsibility gap” for harms caused by these systems. To address these concerns, the principle of “meaningful human control” has been introduced in the legal-political debate; according to this principle humans not computers and their algorithms should ultimately remain in control of, and thus morally responsible for relevant decisions about (lethal) military operations. However, policy-makers and technical designers lack a detailed theory of what “meaningful human control” exactly means. In this paper we lay the foundation of a philosophical account of meaningful human control, based on the concept of “guidance control” as elaborated in the philosophical debate on free will and moral responsibility. Following the ideals of “Responsible Innovation” and “Value-sensitive Design” our account of meaningful human control is cast in the form of design requirements. We identify two general, necessary conditions to be satisfied for an autonomous system to remain under meaningful human control: first, a “tracking” condition, according to which the system should be able to respond to both the relevant moral reasons of the humans designing and deploying the system and the relevant facts in the environment in which the system operates; second, a “tracing” condition, according to which the system should be designed in such a way as to grant the possibility to always trace back the outcome of its operations to at least one human along the chain of design and operation. As we think that meaningful human control can be one of the central notions in ethics of robotics and AI, in the last part of the paper we start exploring the implications of our account for the design and use of non-military autonomous systems, for instance self-driving cars.
Mouter, Niek; Geest, Auke; Doorn, Neelke
A values-based approach to energy controversies: Value-sensitive design applied to the Groningen gas controversy in the Netherlands Journal Article
In: Energy Policy, vol. 122, pp. 639 - 648, 2018, ISSN: 0301-4215.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Energy controversy, energy policy, Groningen gas case, social acceptance, value sensitive design, Values hierarchy
@article{MOUTER2018639,
title = {A values-based approach to energy controversies: Value-sensitive design applied to the Groningen gas controversy in the Netherlands},
author = {Niek Mouter and Auke Geest and Neelke Doorn},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518305275},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.020},
issn = {0301-4215},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
urldate = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Energy Policy},
volume = {122},
pages = {639 - 648},
abstract = {Many energy cases suffer from social opposition. It is increasingly asserted that paying due attention to the moral values involved in controversial energy cases may increase social acceptance. Value-sensitive design (VSD) has been recommended as a promising approach for addressing moral values in controversial energy cases. This paper aims to empirically explore the applicability of VSD in controversial energy cases by investigating the extent to which it is possible to identify the relevant values, norms and design requirements in the Groningen gas controversy (the Netherlands) using values hierarchies. It was found in this case that the relevant values, norms and design requirements could be retrieved, but that two conditions need to be fulfilled to avoid underexposure of relevant values. Firstly, data should be collected using a variety of data sources. Secondly, these sources should be analyzed through both top-down approaches and bottom-up approaches. We find that ‘Safety’ is a critical value in the Groningen case, while other critical values are related to securing ‘Procedural Justice’. Strikingly, the important procedural values ‘Trust’ and ‘Honesty’ did not translate into concrete policies. Policy makers can use values hierarchies to address moral values in energy cases and to translate these values into concrete measures.},
keywords = {Energy controversy, energy policy, Groningen gas case, social acceptance, value sensitive design, Values hierarchy},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Many energy cases suffer from social opposition. It is increasingly asserted that paying due attention to the moral values involved in controversial energy cases may increase social acceptance. Value-sensitive design (VSD) has been recommended as a promising approach for addressing moral values in controversial energy cases. This paper aims to empirically explore the applicability of VSD in controversial energy cases by investigating the extent to which it is possible to identify the relevant values, norms and design requirements in the Groningen gas controversy (the Netherlands) using values hierarchies. It was found in this case that the relevant values, norms and design requirements could be retrieved, but that two conditions need to be fulfilled to avoid underexposure of relevant values. Firstly, data should be collected using a variety of data sources. Secondly, these sources should be analyzed through both top-down approaches and bottom-up approaches. We find that ‘Safety’ is a critical value in the Groningen case, while other critical values are related to securing ‘Procedural Justice’. Strikingly, the important procedural values ‘Trust’ and ‘Honesty’ did not translate into concrete policies. Policy makers can use values hierarchies to address moral values in energy cases and to translate these values into concrete measures.
2017
Harteveld, Maurice
The Quest for Public Space: Changing Values in Urban Design, The City as Learning Lab and Living Lab Proceedings Article
In: Tieben, Hendrik; Geng, Yan; Rossin, Francesco (Ed.): The Entrepreneurial City; 10th Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU), International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU), Rotterdam, 2017, ISBN: 978-962-8272-33-4.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: design for agency, design for democracy, design for inclusion, participatory design, public space, theme:value-change, urban design, value dynamics, value frameworks in urban design, value:democracy
@inproceedings{Harteveld2017,
title = {The Quest for Public Space: Changing Values in Urban Design, The City as Learning Lab and Living Lab},
author = {Maurice Harteveld},
editor = {Hendrik Tieben and Yan Geng and Francesco Rossin},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321875935_The_Quest_for_Public_Space_Changing_Values_in_Urban_Design_The_City_as_Learning_Lab_and_Living_Lab},
isbn = {978-962-8272-33-4},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-12-01},
urldate = {2017-12-01},
booktitle = {The Entrepreneurial City; 10th Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU)},
publisher = {International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU)},
address = {Rotterdam},
abstract = {This article highlights the dynamics of values in our reasoning on public space. By means of an epistemological study, it tests the contemporary premises underlying our ways to safeguard the inclusive, democratic, agential city, and, as such, it aims to update our view on urban design. The article raises three subsequent questions:
[i] Is the city our common house as perceived from the Renaissance onward, containing all, and consequently are public spaces used by the people as a whole?
[ii] Is the city formalising our municipal autonomy as emphasised since the Enlightenment, in an anti-egoistic manner, and in this line, are public spaces owned by local governments representing the people? And,
[iii] is the city open to our general view as advocated in Modern reasoning, restricting entrepreneurial influences, and synchronically, is its public spaces seen and/or known by everyone?
Inclusiveness, democracy, agentiality are strongholds in our scientific thinking on public space and each issue echoes through in the practice on urban design. Yet, in an aim to keep cities connected and accessible, fair and vital, and open and social, conflicts appear. Primarily based upon reviewing urban theory and particularly experiencing the Amsterdam for this matter, the answering of questions generates remarks on this aim. Contemporary Western illuminations on pro-active citizens, participatory societies, and effects of social media and microblogging forecast a more differentiated image of public space and surmise to enforce diversification in our value framework in urban design.},
keywords = {design for agency, design for democracy, design for inclusion, participatory design, public space, theme:value-change, urban design, value dynamics, value frameworks in urban design, value:democracy},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This article highlights the dynamics of values in our reasoning on public space. By means of an epistemological study, it tests the contemporary premises underlying our ways to safeguard the inclusive, democratic, agential city, and, as such, it aims to update our view on urban design. The article raises three subsequent questions:
[i] Is the city our common house as perceived from the Renaissance onward, containing all, and consequently are public spaces used by the people as a whole?
[ii] Is the city formalising our municipal autonomy as emphasised since the Enlightenment, in an anti-egoistic manner, and in this line, are public spaces owned by local governments representing the people? And,
[iii] is the city open to our general view as advocated in Modern reasoning, restricting entrepreneurial influences, and synchronically, is its public spaces seen and/or known by everyone?
Inclusiveness, democracy, agentiality are strongholds in our scientific thinking on public space and each issue echoes through in the practice on urban design. Yet, in an aim to keep cities connected and accessible, fair and vital, and open and social, conflicts appear. Primarily based upon reviewing urban theory and particularly experiencing the Amsterdam for this matter, the answering of questions generates remarks on this aim. Contemporary Western illuminations on pro-active citizens, participatory societies, and effects of social media and microblogging forecast a more differentiated image of public space and surmise to enforce diversification in our value framework in urban design.
[i] Is the city our common house as perceived from the Renaissance onward, containing all, and consequently are public spaces used by the people as a whole?
[ii] Is the city formalising our municipal autonomy as emphasised since the Enlightenment, in an anti-egoistic manner, and in this line, are public spaces owned by local governments representing the people? And,
[iii] is the city open to our general view as advocated in Modern reasoning, restricting entrepreneurial influences, and synchronically, is its public spaces seen and/or known by everyone?
Inclusiveness, democracy, agentiality are strongholds in our scientific thinking on public space and each issue echoes through in the practice on urban design. Yet, in an aim to keep cities connected and accessible, fair and vital, and open and social, conflicts appear. Primarily based upon reviewing urban theory and particularly experiencing the Amsterdam for this matter, the answering of questions generates remarks on this aim. Contemporary Western illuminations on pro-active citizens, participatory societies, and effects of social media and microblogging forecast a more differentiated image of public space and surmise to enforce diversification in our value framework in urban design.
Hoven, Jeroen
The Design Turn in Applied Ethics Book Chapter
In: Hoven, Jeroen; Miller, Seumas; Pogge, Thomas (Ed.): Designing in Ethics, Chapter 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017, ISBN: 9780521119467.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: applied ethics, design turn in applied ethics
@inbook{vandenHoven2017b,
title = {The Design Turn in Applied Ethics},
author = {Jeroen Hoven},
editor = {Jeroen Hoven and Seumas Miller and Thomas Pogge},
url = {http://www.cambridge.org/nl/academic/subjects/philosophy/ethics/designing-ethics?format=HB#6pydHBSsk6kXuRiR.97},
isbn = {9780521119467},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-12-01},
booktitle = {Designing in Ethics},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
address = {Cambridge},
chapter = {1},
keywords = {applied ethics, design turn in applied ethics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
Hoven, Jeroen; Miller, Seumas; Pogge, Thomas (Ed.)
Designing in Ethics Book
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017, ISBN: 9780521119467.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: design, design turn in applied ethics, ethics, institutions, moral dilemmas, technology
@book{vandenHoven2017,
title = {Designing in Ethics},
editor = {Jeroen Hoven and Seumas Miller and Thomas Pogge},
url = {http://www.cambridge.org/nl/academic/subjects/philosophy/ethics/designing-ethics?format=HB#6pydHBSsk6kXuRiR.97},
isbn = {9780521119467},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-12-01},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
address = {Cambridge},
abstract = {Many of our interactions in the twenty-first century - both good and bad - take place by means of institutions, technology, and artefacts. We inhabit a world of implements, instruments, devices, systems, gadgets, and infrastructures. Technology is not only something that we make, but is also something that in many ways makes us. The discipline of ethics must take this constitutive feature of institutions and technology into account; thus, ethics must in turn be embedded in our institutions and technology. The contributors to this book argue that the methodology of 'designing in ethics' - addressing and resolving the issues raised by technology through the use of appropriate technological design - is the way to achieve this integration. They apply their original methodology to a wide range of institutions and technologies, using case studies from the fields of healthcare, media and security. Their volume will be important for philosophical practitioners and theorists alike.},
keywords = {design, design turn in applied ethics, ethics, institutions, moral dilemmas, technology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Many of our interactions in the twenty-first century - both good and bad - take place by means of institutions, technology, and artefacts. We inhabit a world of implements, instruments, devices, systems, gadgets, and infrastructures. Technology is not only something that we make, but is also something that in many ways makes us. The discipline of ethics must take this constitutive feature of institutions and technology into account; thus, ethics must in turn be embedded in our institutions and technology. The contributors to this book argue that the methodology of 'designing in ethics' - addressing and resolving the issues raised by technology through the use of appropriate technological design - is the way to achieve this integration. They apply their original methodology to a wide range of institutions and technologies, using case studies from the fields of healthcare, media and security. Their volume will be important for philosophical practitioners and theorists alike.
Poel, Ibo
Dealing with Moral Dilemmas Through Design Book Chapter
In: Hoven, Jeroen; Miller, Seumas; Pogge, Thomas (Ed.): Designing in Ethics, Chapter 3, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017, ISBN: 9780521119467.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: design, moral dilemmas, theme:value-conflicts
@inbook{vandePoel2017,
title = {Dealing with Moral Dilemmas Through Design},
author = {Ibo Poel},
editor = {Jeroen Hoven and Seumas Miller and Thomas Pogge},
url = {http://www.cambridge.org/nl/academic/subjects/philosophy/ethics/designing-ethics?format=HB#6pydHBSsk6kXuRiR.97},
isbn = {9780521119467},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-12-01},
booktitle = {Designing in Ethics},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
address = {Cambridge},
chapter = {3},
keywords = {design, moral dilemmas, theme:value-conflicts},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
Toonen, Theo; Doorn, Neelke
Good Governance for the Commons: Design for Legitimacy Book Chapter
In: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017, ISBN: 9780521119467.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: good governance, institutions, legitimacy, value:accountability, value:democracy
@inbook{Toonen2017,
title = {Good Governance for the Commons: Design for Legitimacy},
author = {Theo Toonen and Neelke Doorn},
url = {http://www.cambridge.org/nl/academic/subjects/philosophy/ethics/designing-ethics?format=HB#6pydHBSsk6kXuRiR.97},
isbn = {9780521119467},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-12-01},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
address = {Cambridge},
keywords = {good governance, institutions, legitimacy, value:accountability, value:democracy},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
Pohlmeyer, Anna; Desmet, Pieter
From good to the greater good Book Chapter
In: Chapman, Jonathan (Ed.): Routledge Handbook of Sustainable Product Design, pp. 469-486, 2017, ISBN: 978-1-138-91017-1.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: design, happiness, personal significance, pleasure, product design, subjective well-being, value:wellbeing-happiness, well-being
@inbook{Pohlmeyer2017,
title = {From good to the greater good},
author = {Anna Pohlmeyer and Pieter Desmet},
editor = {Jonathan Chapman},
url = {https://pure.tudelft.nl/portal/files/33341515/Pohlmeyer_Desmet_2017_from_good_to_greater_good.pdf},
isbn = {978-1-138-91017-1},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-06-01},
booktitle = {Routledge Handbook of Sustainable Product Design},
pages = {469-486},
abstract = {In this chapter, we outline why and how design can (and cannot) support the sustainable well-being of individuals and communities. Building on findings of well-being researchers, we first address the reasons why material well-being, as experienced through the consumption and ownership of products and goods, does not necessarily contribute to subjective well-being. On the other hand, products that are valued for the activities and experiences that these enable can be a profound resource for happiness. This discussion provides the foundation for an approach to design for well-being that includes three main ingredients: design for pleasure, personal significance and virtue. These ingredients will be detailed in depth and several directions to design for well-being will be introduced, addressing both challenges and opportunities for design theory and practice.},
keywords = {design, happiness, personal significance, pleasure, product design, subjective well-being, value:wellbeing-happiness, well-being},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
In this chapter, we outline why and how design can (and cannot) support the sustainable well-being of individuals and communities. Building on findings of well-being researchers, we first address the reasons why material well-being, as experienced through the consumption and ownership of products and goods, does not necessarily contribute to subjective well-being. On the other hand, products that are valued for the activities and experiences that these enable can be a profound resource for happiness. This discussion provides the foundation for an approach to design for well-being that includes three main ingredients: design for pleasure, personal significance and virtue. These ingredients will be detailed in depth and several directions to design for well-being will be introduced, addressing both challenges and opportunities for design theory and practice.
Robbins, Scott; Henschke, Adam
Designing For Democracy: Bulk Data and Authoritarianism Journal Article
In: Surveillance & Society, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 582-589, 2017.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: algorithmic opacity, democracy, design for democracy, ICT, technical opacity, transparency, value sensitive design, value:democracy
@article{Robbins2017,
title = {Designing For Democracy: Bulk Data and Authoritarianism},
author = {Scott Robbins and Adam Henschke},
url = {https://pure.tudelft.nl/portal/files/24955831/Designing_for_democracy.pdf},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-06-01},
urldate = {2017-06-01},
journal = {Surveillance & Society},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
pages = {582-589},
abstract = {Transparency is important for liberal democracies; however, the value of transparency is difficult to articulate. In this article we
articulate transparency as an instrumental value for providing what we call ensurance and assurance to liberal democratic citizens. Ensurance refers to the property of liberal democracies which prevents it from sliding into authoritarianism and assurance is the property whereby citizens are assured that ensurance exists. Looking at the rise of bulk data collection and use afforded by information communication technologies, this paper focuses on the way that technologies disrupt relations between the state and its citizens, and suggests Value Sensitive Design as a methodology to protect key aspects of liberal democracies. Bulk data collection makes the achieving of ensurance and assurance more difficult due to two types of opacity which arise as a result of the practice: technical opacity — the difficulty for citizens to understand the technology behind bulk data collection; and, algorithmic opacity — opacity which results from properties inherent to algorithms which guide the collection and processing of bulk data. Design requirements will be suggested to respond to the disruptions caused by ICTs between liberal democracies and their citizens which threaten the necessary value for liberal democracies of representativeness.},
keywords = {algorithmic opacity, democracy, design for democracy, ICT, technical opacity, transparency, value sensitive design, value:democracy},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Transparency is important for liberal democracies; however, the value of transparency is difficult to articulate. In this article we
articulate transparency as an instrumental value for providing what we call ensurance and assurance to liberal democratic citizens. Ensurance refers to the property of liberal democracies which prevents it from sliding into authoritarianism and assurance is the property whereby citizens are assured that ensurance exists. Looking at the rise of bulk data collection and use afforded by information communication technologies, this paper focuses on the way that technologies disrupt relations between the state and its citizens, and suggests Value Sensitive Design as a methodology to protect key aspects of liberal democracies. Bulk data collection makes the achieving of ensurance and assurance more difficult due to two types of opacity which arise as a result of the practice: technical opacity — the difficulty for citizens to understand the technology behind bulk data collection; and, algorithmic opacity — opacity which results from properties inherent to algorithms which guide the collection and processing of bulk data. Design requirements will be suggested to respond to the disruptions caused by ICTs between liberal democracies and their citizens which threaten the necessary value for liberal democracies of representativeness.
articulate transparency as an instrumental value for providing what we call ensurance and assurance to liberal democratic citizens. Ensurance refers to the property of liberal democracies which prevents it from sliding into authoritarianism and assurance is the property whereby citizens are assured that ensurance exists. Looking at the rise of bulk data collection and use afforded by information communication technologies, this paper focuses on the way that technologies disrupt relations between the state and its citizens, and suggests Value Sensitive Design as a methodology to protect key aspects of liberal democracies. Bulk data collection makes the achieving of ensurance and assurance more difficult due to two types of opacity which arise as a result of the practice: technical opacity — the difficulty for citizens to understand the technology behind bulk data collection; and, algorithmic opacity — opacity which results from properties inherent to algorithms which guide the collection and processing of bulk data. Design requirements will be suggested to respond to the disruptions caused by ICTs between liberal democracies and their citizens which threaten the necessary value for liberal democracies of representativeness.
Harbers, Maaike; Neerincx, Mark A.
Value sensitive design of a virtual assistant for workload harmonization in teams Journal Article
In: Cognition, Technology & Work, vol. 19, no. 2-3, pp. 329–343, 2017.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: human–computer interaction, privacy, situated cognitive engineering, teamwork, traffic control, value sensitive design, virtual assistant, workload
@article{Harbers2017,
title = {Value sensitive design of a virtual assistant for workload harmonization in teams},
author = {Maaike Harbers and Mark A. Neerincx},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10111-017-0408-4},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-03-25},
journal = {Cognition, Technology & Work},
volume = {19},
number = {2-3},
pages = {329–343},
abstract = {Uneven workload distributions in teams can lead to suboptimal team performance. This paper therefore describes the design of a virtual assistant that supports workload harmonization in teams by measuring workload, informing team members about their own and other team members’ workload, and supporting team members in the redistribution of workload. The virtual assistant was developed in the context of train traffic control according to the situated Cognitive Engineering (sCE) methodology, which was extended to allow for a value sensitive design process. More specifically, the values ‘insight,’ ‘helping others’ and ‘privacy’ were explicitly accounted for throughout the design of the virtual assistant. A prototype of the virtual assistant was evaluated positively in a focus group. Thereby, the contribution of the paper is twofold. First, an improvement in a human-centered development methodology—sCE with values—is described and its use is demonstrated in an actual design case. Second, a novel, positively evaluated solution for workload harmonization in teams is presented.},
keywords = {human–computer interaction, privacy, situated cognitive engineering, teamwork, traffic control, value sensitive design, virtual assistant, workload},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Uneven workload distributions in teams can lead to suboptimal team performance. This paper therefore describes the design of a virtual assistant that supports workload harmonization in teams by measuring workload, informing team members about their own and other team members’ workload, and supporting team members in the redistribution of workload. The virtual assistant was developed in the context of train traffic control according to the situated Cognitive Engineering (sCE) methodology, which was extended to allow for a value sensitive design process. More specifically, the values ‘insight,’ ‘helping others’ and ‘privacy’ were explicitly accounted for throughout the design of the virtual assistant. A prototype of the virtual assistant was evaluated positively in a focus group. Thereby, the contribution of the paper is twofold. First, an improvement in a human-centered development methodology—sCE with values—is described and its use is demonstrated in an actual design case. Second, a novel, positively evaluated solution for workload harmonization in teams is presented.
Janssen, Marijn; Matheus, Ricardo; Longo, Justin; Weerakkody, Vishanth
Transparency-by-design as a foundation for open government Journal Article
In: Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 2-8, 2017.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: data, democracy, design for transparency, e-government, open data, open government, transparency, value:democracy
@article{doi:10.1108/TG-02-2017-0015,
title = {Transparency-by-design as a foundation for open government},
author = {Marijn Janssen and Ricardo Matheus and Justin Longo and Vishanth Weerakkody},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-02-2017-0015},
doi = {10.1108/TG-02-2017-0015},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {2-8},
abstract = {This paper defines the concept of transparency-by-design indicating that the transparency-by-design takes into account transparency in every phase of the design process of government resulting into the automatic opening of relevant data for the public for easy understanding and interpretation.},
keywords = {data, democracy, design for transparency, e-government, open data, open government, transparency, value:democracy},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper defines the concept of transparency-by-design indicating that the transparency-by-design takes into account transparency in every phase of the design process of government resulting into the automatic opening of relevant data for the public for easy understanding and interpretation.
Hoven, Jeroen
Ethics for the Digital Age: Where Are the Moral Specs? Proceedings Article
In: Werthner, Hannes; Harmelen, Frank (Ed.): Informatics in the Future, pp. 65–76, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2017, ISBN: 978-3-319-55735-9.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: computer ethics, data protection, digital ethics, privacy, responsible innovation, value sensitive design, value:justice
@inproceedings{10.1007/978-3-319-55735-9_6,
title = {Ethics for the Digital Age: Where Are the Moral Specs?},
author = {Jeroen Hoven},
editor = {Hannes Werthner and Frank Harmelen},
url = {https://link-springer-com.tudelft.idm.oclc.org/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-55735-9_6
https://www.delftdesignforvalues.nl/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Van-den-Hoven_Ethics-For-The-Digital-Age-Where-Are-the-Specs.pdf},
isbn = {978-3-319-55735-9},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
urldate = {2017-01-01},
booktitle = {Informatics in the Future},
pages = {65–76},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
address = {Cham},
abstract = {In the middle of the twentieth century scholars in the social sciences and humanities have reflected on how the telegraph, the telephone and TV have shaped our societies (A good example is the work of Ithiel de Sola Pool in the mid twentieth century. See for example Politics in Wired Nations, Selected Writings, Transaction Publishers, London/New York.). In the last 30 years, researchers in a variety of disciplines such as technology assessment, computer ethics, information and library science, science and technology studies and cultural and media studies have conducted research into the way new media, computers and mobile phones have turned a wired society into a full-fledged digital society. In the last 10 years we have entered a new phase of the digital shaping of society. We are trying to come to grips with artificial intelligence, big data, social media, smart phones, robotics, the Internet of Things, apps and bots, self-driving cars, deep learning and brain interfaces. New digital technologies have now given rise to a hyper-connected society. IT is not only getting in between people, but it is also getting under our skin and into our heads—often literally. Our standard ways of keeping tabs on technology by means of information technology assessment, tech policy and regulation, soft law, ethical codes for IT professionals, ethical review boards (ERBs) for computer science research, standards and software maturity models and combinations thereof, are no longer sufficient to lead us to a responsible digital future. Our attempts to shape our technologies are often too late and too slow (e.g. by means of black letter law) or too little or too weak (e.g. codes of conduct). The field of privacy and data protection is an example of both. Data protection lawyers are constantly trying to catch up with the latest in big data analysis, the Internet of things, deep learning and sensor and cloud technology. On any given day, we often find ourselves trying to regulate the technology of tomorrow with legal regimes of yesterday. This gives rise to the question `How should we make our ethics bear upon high impact and dynamical digital phenomena?'},
keywords = {computer ethics, data protection, digital ethics, privacy, responsible innovation, value sensitive design, value:justice},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In the middle of the twentieth century scholars in the social sciences and humanities have reflected on how the telegraph, the telephone and TV have shaped our societies (A good example is the work of Ithiel de Sola Pool in the mid twentieth century. See for example Politics in Wired Nations, Selected Writings, Transaction Publishers, London/New York.). In the last 30 years, researchers in a variety of disciplines such as technology assessment, computer ethics, information and library science, science and technology studies and cultural and media studies have conducted research into the way new media, computers and mobile phones have turned a wired society into a full-fledged digital society. In the last 10 years we have entered a new phase of the digital shaping of society. We are trying to come to grips with artificial intelligence, big data, social media, smart phones, robotics, the Internet of Things, apps and bots, self-driving cars, deep learning and brain interfaces. New digital technologies have now given rise to a hyper-connected society. IT is not only getting in between people, but it is also getting under our skin and into our heads—often literally. Our standard ways of keeping tabs on technology by means of information technology assessment, tech policy and regulation, soft law, ethical codes for IT professionals, ethical review boards (ERBs) for computer science research, standards and software maturity models and combinations thereof, are no longer sufficient to lead us to a responsible digital future. Our attempts to shape our technologies are often too late and too slow (e.g. by means of black letter law) or too little or too weak (e.g. codes of conduct). The field of privacy and data protection is an example of both. Data protection lawyers are constantly trying to catch up with the latest in big data analysis, the Internet of things, deep learning and sensor and cloud technology. On any given day, we often find ourselves trying to regulate the technology of tomorrow with legal regimes of yesterday. This gives rise to the question `How should we make our ethics bear upon high impact and dynamical digital phenomena?'
Friedman, Batya; Hendry, David G; Borning, Alan
A Survey of Value Sensitive Design Methods Journal Article
In: Foundations and Trends® in Human–Computer Interaction, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 63-125, 2017, ISSN: 1551-3955.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: methodology, stakeholder identification, value elicitation, value sensitive design, values analysis
@article{HCI-015,
title = {A Survey of Value Sensitive Design Methods},
author = {Batya Friedman and David G Hendry and Alan Borning},
url = {https://www-nowpublishers-com.tudelft.idm.oclc.org/article/Details/HCI-015},
doi = {10.1561/1100000015},
issn = {1551-3955},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Foundations and Trends® in Human–Computer Interaction},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {63-125},
abstract = {Value sensitive design is a theoretically grounded approach to the design of technology that accounts for human values in a principled and systematic manner throughout the design process. In this article we provide a survey of 14 value sensitive design methods:
(1) direct and indirect stakeholder analysis; (2) value source analysis; (3) co-evolution of technology and social structure; (4) value scenario; (5) value sketch; (6) value-oriented semi- structured interview; (7) scalable information dimensions; (8) value-oriented coding manual; (9) value-oriented mockup, prototype, or field deployment; (10) ethnographically informed inquiry regarding values and technology; (11) model of informed consent online; (12) value dams and flows; (13) value sensitive action-reflection model; and (14) Envisioning Cards TM.
Each of these methods is honed to the investigation of values in technology, serving such purposes as stakeholder identification and legitimation, value representation and elicitation, and values analysis. While presented individually, the methods are intended to be integrated in a robust value sensitive design process.
The survey article begins with a brief summary of value sensitive design methodology and theoretical constructs. We next provide an overview of the 14 methods. Then, we turn to a broader discussion of value sensitive design practice, focussing on some methodological strategies and heuristics to support skillful value sensitive design practice. Following the broad discussion of practice, we illustrate one method in action—value scenarios—providing details on its range of purposes and contexts. We conclude with reflections on core characteristics of value sensitive design methodology, and heuristics for innovation.},
keywords = {methodology, stakeholder identification, value elicitation, value sensitive design, values analysis},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Value sensitive design is a theoretically grounded approach to the design of technology that accounts for human values in a principled and systematic manner throughout the design process. In this article we provide a survey of 14 value sensitive design methods:
(1) direct and indirect stakeholder analysis; (2) value source analysis; (3) co-evolution of technology and social structure; (4) value scenario; (5) value sketch; (6) value-oriented semi- structured interview; (7) scalable information dimensions; (8) value-oriented coding manual; (9) value-oriented mockup, prototype, or field deployment; (10) ethnographically informed inquiry regarding values and technology; (11) model of informed consent online; (12) value dams and flows; (13) value sensitive action-reflection model; and (14) Envisioning Cards TM.
Each of these methods is honed to the investigation of values in technology, serving such purposes as stakeholder identification and legitimation, value representation and elicitation, and values analysis. While presented individually, the methods are intended to be integrated in a robust value sensitive design process.
The survey article begins with a brief summary of value sensitive design methodology and theoretical constructs. We next provide an overview of the 14 methods. Then, we turn to a broader discussion of value sensitive design practice, focussing on some methodological strategies and heuristics to support skillful value sensitive design practice. Following the broad discussion of practice, we illustrate one method in action—value scenarios—providing details on its range of purposes and contexts. We conclude with reflections on core characteristics of value sensitive design methodology, and heuristics for innovation.
(1) direct and indirect stakeholder analysis; (2) value source analysis; (3) co-evolution of technology and social structure; (4) value scenario; (5) value sketch; (6) value-oriented semi- structured interview; (7) scalable information dimensions; (8) value-oriented coding manual; (9) value-oriented mockup, prototype, or field deployment; (10) ethnographically informed inquiry regarding values and technology; (11) model of informed consent online; (12) value dams and flows; (13) value sensitive action-reflection model; and (14) Envisioning Cards TM.
Each of these methods is honed to the investigation of values in technology, serving such purposes as stakeholder identification and legitimation, value representation and elicitation, and values analysis. While presented individually, the methods are intended to be integrated in a robust value sensitive design process.
The survey article begins with a brief summary of value sensitive design methodology and theoretical constructs. We next provide an overview of the 14 methods. Then, we turn to a broader discussion of value sensitive design practice, focussing on some methodological strategies and heuristics to support skillful value sensitive design practice. Following the broad discussion of practice, we illustrate one method in action—value scenarios—providing details on its range of purposes and contexts. We conclude with reflections on core characteristics of value sensitive design methodology, and heuristics for innovation.
2016
Wynsberghe, Aimee
Service robots, care ethics, and design Journal Article
In: Ethics and Information Technology, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 311–321, 2016, ISSN: 1572-8439.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: applied ethics, artificial intelligence, care ethics, robot ethics, service robots, value sensitive design, value:health
@article{vanWynsberghe2016,
title = {Service robots, care ethics, and design},
author = {Aimee Wynsberghe},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-016-9409-x},
doi = {10.1007/s10676-016-9409-x},
issn = {1572-8439},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-12-01},
urldate = {2016-12-01},
journal = {Ethics and Information Technology},
volume = {18},
number = {4},
pages = {311–321},
abstract = {It should not be a surprise in the near future to encounter either a personal or a professional service robot in our homes and/or our work places: according to the International Federation for Robots, there will be approx 35 million service robots at work by 2018. Given that individuals will interact and even cooperate with these service robots, their design and development demand ethical attention. With this in mind I suggest the use of an approach for incorporating ethics into the design process of robots known as Care Centered Value Sensitive Design (CCVSD). Although this approach was originally and intentionally designed for the healthcare domain, the aim of this paper is to present a preliminary study of how personal and professional service robots might also be evaluated using the CCVSD approach. The normative foundations for CCVSD come from its reliance on the care ethics tradition and in particular the use of care practices for: (1) structuring the analysis and, (2) determining the values of ethical import. To apply CCVSD outside of healthcare one must show that the robot has been integrated into a care practice. Accordingly, the practice into which the robot is to be used must be assessed and shown to meet the conditions of a care practice. By investigating the foundations of the approach I hope to show why it may be applicable for service robots and further to give examples of current robot prototypes that can and cannot be evaluated using CCVSD.},
keywords = {applied ethics, artificial intelligence, care ethics, robot ethics, service robots, value sensitive design, value:health},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
It should not be a surprise in the near future to encounter either a personal or a professional service robot in our homes and/or our work places: according to the International Federation for Robots, there will be approx 35 million service robots at work by 2018. Given that individuals will interact and even cooperate with these service robots, their design and development demand ethical attention. With this in mind I suggest the use of an approach for incorporating ethics into the design process of robots known as Care Centered Value Sensitive Design (CCVSD). Although this approach was originally and intentionally designed for the healthcare domain, the aim of this paper is to present a preliminary study of how personal and professional service robots might also be evaluated using the CCVSD approach. The normative foundations for CCVSD come from its reliance on the care ethics tradition and in particular the use of care practices for: (1) structuring the analysis and, (2) determining the values of ethical import. To apply CCVSD outside of healthcare one must show that the robot has been integrated into a care practice. Accordingly, the practice into which the robot is to be used must be assessed and shown to meet the conditions of a care practice. By investigating the foundations of the approach I hope to show why it may be applicable for service robots and further to give examples of current robot prototypes that can and cannot be evaluated using CCVSD.
Dignum, Marloes; Correljé, Aad; Cuppen, Eefje; Pesch, Udo; Taebi, Behnam
Contested Technologies and Design for Values: The Case of Shale Gas Journal Article
In: Science and Engineering Ethics, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1171-1191, 2016, ISSN: 1471-5546.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: energy policy, public values, responsible innovation, shale gas, theme:value-conflicts, value sensitive design
@article{Dignum2016,
title = {Contested Technologies and Design for Values: The Case of Shale Gas},
author = {Marloes Dignum and Aad Correljé and Eefje Cuppen and Udo Pesch and Behnam Taebi},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-015-9685-6},
doi = {10.1007/s11948-015-9685-6},
issn = {1471-5546},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-08-01},
urldate = {2016-08-01},
journal = {Science and Engineering Ethics},
volume = {22},
number = {4},
pages = {1171-1191},
abstract = {The introduction of new energy technologies may lead to public resistance and contestation. It is often argued that this phenomenon is caused by an inadequate inclusion of relevant public values in the design of technology. In this paper we examine the applicability of the value sensitive design (VSD) approach. While VSD was primarily introduced for incorporating values in technological design, our focus in this paper is expanded towards the design of the institutions surrounding these technologies, as well as the design of stakeholder participation. One important methodological challenge of VSD is to identify the relevant values related to new technological developments. In this paper, we argue that the public debate can form a rich source from which to retrieve the values at stake. To demonstrate this, we have examined the arguments used in the public debate regarding the exploration and exploitation of shale gas in the Netherlands. We identified two important sets of the underlying values, namely substantive and procedural values. This paper concludes with two key findings. Firstly, contrary to what is often suggested in the literature, both proponents and opponents seem to endorse the same values. Secondly, contestation seems to arise in the precise operationalization of these values among the different stakeholders. In other words, contestation in the Dutch shale gas debate does not arise from inter-value conflict but rather from intra-value conflicts. This multi-interpretability should be incorporated in VSD processes.},
keywords = {energy policy, public values, responsible innovation, shale gas, theme:value-conflicts, value sensitive design},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The introduction of new energy technologies may lead to public resistance and contestation. It is often argued that this phenomenon is caused by an inadequate inclusion of relevant public values in the design of technology. In this paper we examine the applicability of the value sensitive design (VSD) approach. While VSD was primarily introduced for incorporating values in technological design, our focus in this paper is expanded towards the design of the institutions surrounding these technologies, as well as the design of stakeholder participation. One important methodological challenge of VSD is to identify the relevant values related to new technological developments. In this paper, we argue that the public debate can form a rich source from which to retrieve the values at stake. To demonstrate this, we have examined the arguments used in the public debate regarding the exploration and exploitation of shale gas in the Netherlands. We identified two important sets of the underlying values, namely substantive and procedural values. This paper concludes with two key findings. Firstly, contrary to what is often suggested in the literature, both proponents and opponents seem to endorse the same values. Secondly, contestation seems to arise in the precise operationalization of these values among the different stakeholders. In other words, contestation in the Dutch shale gas debate does not arise from inter-value conflict but rather from intra-value conflicts. This multi-interpretability should be incorporated in VSD processes.
Vos, Marina Bos -; Wamelink, Hans; Volker, Leentje
Trade-offs in the value capture of architectural firms: the significance of professional value Journal Article
In: Construction Management & Economics, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: architectural management, collaboration, professional service firms, theme:value-conflicts, value capture, value conflicts, value creation
@article{deVos2016,
title = {Trade-offs in the value capture of architectural firms: the significance of professional value},
author = {Marina Bos - Vos and Hans Wamelink and Leentje Volker},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2016.1177192},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-05-10},
urldate = {2016-05-10},
journal = {Construction Management & Economics},
abstract = {Architectural firms often have difficulty generating profit from their services as they pursue not only commercial but also professional goals. These goals frequently conflict and have to be balanced during the process of value creation and value capture. So far, literature has focused on the interaction between the perceived use value for the customer and the fee that is paid to the firm. To better understand how professional service firms realize their organizational targets, professional value needs to be included. In this study, in-depth interviews with the architects and clients of nine housing projects provide insight into the content and process of value capture by architectural firms. The data reveal strategies by which architects tried to maximize the capture of professional value at the expense of profit or sometimes even their clients’ perceived use value. These trade-offs in value capture confirm the importance of professional value when studying value creation and capture in a professional service context. This paper provides an understanding of how architectural firms struggle to balance competing goals and highlights the importance of well-managed value capture.},
keywords = {architectural management, collaboration, professional service firms, theme:value-conflicts, value capture, value conflicts, value creation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Architectural firms often have difficulty generating profit from their services as they pursue not only commercial but also professional goals. These goals frequently conflict and have to be balanced during the process of value creation and value capture. So far, literature has focused on the interaction between the perceived use value for the customer and the fee that is paid to the firm. To better understand how professional service firms realize their organizational targets, professional value needs to be included. In this study, in-depth interviews with the architects and clients of nine housing projects provide insight into the content and process of value capture by architectural firms. The data reveal strategies by which architects tried to maximize the capture of professional value at the expense of profit or sometimes even their clients’ perceived use value. These trade-offs in value capture confirm the importance of professional value when studying value creation and capture in a professional service context. This paper provides an understanding of how architectural firms struggle to balance competing goals and highlights the importance of well-managed value capture.
Hein, Carola; Sedighi, Mohamad
Iran’s Global Petroleumscape: The Role of Oil in Shaping Khuzestan and Tehran Journal Article
In: Architectural Theory Review, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 349-374, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: commodity flows, globalization, Iran, Khuzestan, oil modernity, petroleumscape, Tehran, urban form
@article{doi:10.1080/13264826.2018.1379110,
title = {Iran’s Global Petroleumscape: The Role of Oil in Shaping Khuzestan and Tehran},
author = {Carola Hein and Mohamad Sedighi},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13264826.2018.1379110},
doi = {10.1080/13264826.2018.1379110},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Architectural Theory Review},
volume = {21},
number = {3},
pages = {349-374},
publisher = {Routledge},
abstract = {Various constellations of oil actors—including corporations and nations—have shaped seemingly disconnected and geographically distant landscapes, cities, and buildings around the world over the last 150 years. Corporate, public, and popular media have publicized these cycles of spatializing oil. Together, construction and representation have created what is here collectively identified as a global palimpsestic petroleumscape. Based on archival research and a flourishing literature of secondary sources, this article applies the concept of the petroleumscape to two case studies in Iran and identifies two patterns of spatializing oil. First, in the southern region of Khuzestan, it tracks Iran’s modern transformation under the influence of British Petroleum (BP) (1901–1951), when oil and governmental interests built a complete support landscape. Then, in the capital Tehran, it investigates how US players helped shape the petroleumscape between 1953 and 1979, in line with US styles of consumption, car use, and urban development.},
keywords = {commodity flows, globalization, Iran, Khuzestan, oil modernity, petroleumscape, Tehran, urban form},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Various constellations of oil actors—including corporations and nations—have shaped seemingly disconnected and geographically distant landscapes, cities, and buildings around the world over the last 150 years. Corporate, public, and popular media have publicized these cycles of spatializing oil. Together, construction and representation have created what is here collectively identified as a global palimpsestic petroleumscape. Based on archival research and a flourishing literature of secondary sources, this article applies the concept of the petroleumscape to two case studies in Iran and identifies two patterns of spatializing oil. First, in the southern region of Khuzestan, it tracks Iran’s modern transformation under the influence of British Petroleum (BP) (1901–1951), when oil and governmental interests built a complete support landscape. Then, in the capital Tehran, it investigates how US players helped shape the petroleumscape between 1953 and 1979, in line with US styles of consumption, car use, and urban development.
Desmet, Pieter M A; Fokkinga, Steven F; Ozkaramanli, Deger; Yoon, JungKyoon
Emotion-Driven Product Design Book Chapter
In: Meiselman, Herbert L (Ed.): Emotion Measurement, pp. 405 - 426, Woodhead Publishing, 2016, ISBN: 978-0-08-100508-8.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: consumer values, emotion knowledge, emotion-driven design, emotions, rich experiences, value:wellbeing-happiness
@inbook{DESMET2016405,
title = {Emotion-Driven Product Design},
author = {Pieter M A Desmet and Steven F Fokkinga and Deger Ozkaramanli and JungKyoon Yoon},
editor = {Herbert L Meiselman},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081005088000163},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100508-8.00016-3},
isbn = {978-0-08-100508-8},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Emotion Measurement},
pages = {405 - 426},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
abstract = {This chapter introduces six insights from emotion knowledge that support a structured approach to emotion-driven design activities. In design processes, these insights can be used to structure consumer insights, to stimulate creativity, and to support communication within the design team, with clients and with consumers. The first three insights broaden the emotion repertoire by detailing how diverse, mixed, nuanced, and even negative emotions can enrich consumer experiences. The other three insights focus on the causes of consumer emotions. The fourth insight explains how emotion measurement can help understanding what people really care for. The fifth insight focuses on consumer dilemmas, indicating how these can be used to design emotionally relevant products and services. The sixth and final insight shows how opportunities for emotion-driven design can be increased with design that addresses emotions that are experienced in the context of consuming products and services.},
keywords = {consumer values, emotion knowledge, emotion-driven design, emotions, rich experiences, value:wellbeing-happiness},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
This chapter introduces six insights from emotion knowledge that support a structured approach to emotion-driven design activities. In design processes, these insights can be used to structure consumer insights, to stimulate creativity, and to support communication within the design team, with clients and with consumers. The first three insights broaden the emotion repertoire by detailing how diverse, mixed, nuanced, and even negative emotions can enrich consumer experiences. The other three insights focus on the causes of consumer emotions. The fourth insight explains how emotion measurement can help understanding what people really care for. The fifth insight focuses on consumer dilemmas, indicating how these can be used to design emotionally relevant products and services. The sixth and final insight shows how opportunities for emotion-driven design can be increased with design that addresses emotions that are experienced in the context of consuming products and services.
Tromp, Nynke; Hekkert, Paul
Assessing methods for effect-driven design: Evaluation of a social design method Journal Article
In: Design Studies, vol. 43, pp. 24 - 47, 2016, ISSN: 0142-694X.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: design methodology, design methods, effect-driven design, evaluation, social design
@article{TROMP201624,
title = {Assessing methods for effect-driven design: Evaluation of a social design method},
author = {Nynke Tromp and Paul Hekkert},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142694X15000976},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2015.12.002},
issn = {0142-694X},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Design Studies},
volume = {43},
pages = {24 - 47},
abstract = {The study reported in this paper describes the evaluation of the Social Implication Design (SID) method. This effect-driven design method aims to support designers in designing the influence of design manifestations on behaviour in order to counteract social issues. To study the effectiveness of the method, both a multiple-case study with designers and a narrative-based study with social experts have been executed. Based on our findings we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the method, and suggest improvements. We conclude this paper by reflecting on our approach as research methodology for assessing effect-driven design methods and argue that qualitative studies, prior to validating design methods quantitatively, will increase the significance of design methodology for design practice.},
keywords = {design methodology, design methods, effect-driven design, evaluation, social design},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The study reported in this paper describes the evaluation of the Social Implication Design (SID) method. This effect-driven design method aims to support designers in designing the influence of design manifestations on behaviour in order to counteract social issues. To study the effectiveness of the method, both a multiple-case study with designers and a narrative-based study with social experts have been executed. Based on our findings we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the method, and suggest improvements. We conclude this paper by reflecting on our approach as research methodology for assessing effect-driven design methods and argue that qualitative studies, prior to validating design methods quantitatively, will increase the significance of design methodology for design practice.
Waart, Peter; Mulder, Ingrid; Bont, Cees
A Participatory Approach for Envisioning a Smart City Journal Article
In: Social Science Computer Review, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 708-723, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: internet of things, participatory design, quadruple helix, smart city, transition management
@article{vanWaart2016,
title = {A Participatory Approach for Envisioning a Smart City},
author = {Peter Waart and Ingrid Mulder and Cees Bont},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439315611099},
doi = {10.1177/0894439315611099},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
urldate = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Social Science Computer Review},
volume = {34},
number = {6},
pages = {708-723},
abstract = {The work we will be discussing here explores how government, industry, the university, and the citizens of a city can arrive through a participatory design approach at an increased and mutual understanding and a shared vision of a desired smart city of the future. Elaborating upon insights from transition management studies and from the quadruple-helix knowledge production model, our work proposes a participatory approach for prototyping future cities that embraces practice-oriented design research activities and thus aims for practical impact. We will report on two cases, GovJam and Hackday Data of the Crowds, in which stakeholders were able to acquire through participatory prototyping an understanding of the possibilities of technology in city services of the future. Results from these sessions show that participating stakeholders indeed gained a new perspective upon issues facing the city, due to an increased awareness and understanding of, and empathy for, the interests of other stakeholders. We also found indications that transfer of knowledge was taking place from the prototyping sessions to the daily practice of participants working in the public sector.},
keywords = {internet of things, participatory design, quadruple helix, smart city, transition management},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The work we will be discussing here explores how government, industry, the university, and the citizens of a city can arrive through a participatory design approach at an increased and mutual understanding and a shared vision of a desired smart city of the future. Elaborating upon insights from transition management studies and from the quadruple-helix knowledge production model, our work proposes a participatory approach for prototyping future cities that embraces practice-oriented design research activities and thus aims for practical impact. We will report on two cases, GovJam and Hackday Data of the Crowds, in which stakeholders were able to acquire through participatory prototyping an understanding of the possibilities of technology in city services of the future. Results from these sessions show that participating stakeholders indeed gained a new perspective upon issues facing the city, due to an increased awareness and understanding of, and empathy for, the interests of other stakeholders. We also found indications that transfer of knowledge was taking place from the prototyping sessions to the daily practice of participants working in the public sector.